Observation Of A Child At The Children s House - 998 Words

This paper details my observation of a child at The Children’s house. When I called to schedule an observation time, I decided to go when the children would be outside engaging in activities of their choosing. When I arrived my plan was to observe first (without interfering), then once I had the notes that I needed to write about friendships and play, I intended to ask a child the questions that were provided in the rubric. Initially, most of the children were scattered around playing by themselves, in pairs or groups of 3. After observing for about 10 minutes without anything interesting happening, I was about to go to a child and start interviewing him or her. Then a little girl who I later found out to be named Alex gathered a group of about 5 other children to play â€Å"house†. Alex was taller than all of the other children, her hair was blonde and her eyes were blue. Based off the fact that she took the leadership role, was organizing a rule based game, and seemed to prefer being near other children rather than adults, I estimated that she was 5 or 6 years old. Now that I knew what game they were going to play I hypothesized that I would observe her ability to differentiate between genders and their roles in the game of house that the children were playing as well as assign roles to other children. I expected to see Alex cooperate with the other children and take their perspectives and feelings into account because according to the first social development lecture,Show MoreRelatedA Pleasurable And Educational Preschool Observation1271 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Preschool Observation: Option E I observed a 4 year old preschool class during playtime in Staten Island, New York. The class consisted of eight children, and one certified preschool teacher. There were 4 boys and 4 girls in the class. During my sixty minute observation I noticed several instances of dramatic play, peer relationships, relationships with adults, and self-control. Dramatic Play During my observation, I witnessed a group of two- one boy and one girl-playing house. According toRead MoreChildrens Relationship with Classmates: a Comprehensive Analysis of Friendship Nominations and Liking1732 Words   |  7 PagesChildren s Relationship with Classmates: A Comprehensive Analysis of Friendship Nominations and Liking Psychological Profile: Subject is young male 7 years old (my nephew), will be 8 years old January 1st, 2006. Height is approximately 4ft 1 inches and weight is roughly 58lbs. Olive toned skin complexion, brown short hair, and big brown eyes, with a devilish smile. The subject has a personality that constantly changes based on the people in his surroundings. More playful and rough withRead MorePiaget s Theory On Child Development920 Words   |  4 PagesChildren are not simply small adults who are still growing; they learn differently and experience the world in a variation of ways that opposes adult reasoning. Piaget’s theory on child development asserts that there are four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Piaget also suggested that human thinking is arranged into schemes, â€Å"organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions† (Feldman, 2015, p. 17). These schemesRead MoreEssay on Child And Parent Behavior Observation536 Words   |  3 PagesChild And Parent Behavior Observation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am almost always surrounded by the interactions between children and their parents. I hear it at my work, I hear it in restaurants, but most of all I hear it at my house. My mother owns a daycare and every night I hear parents being hit by a barrage of questions. When children are being picked up they always have a couple of questions for their parents. Children are always asking about the meal for the night or whether they can go over to a friendRead MoreMy First Observation Of The Middle Childhood1182 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore coming home with them. I observed Isabella in her house, she live there with her mom, dad, a fish and a dog. The observation was realized when I was visiting my friend’s house; I observed the girl in her environment for approximately two and half hours. My first observation was she spend time making craft from her own inspiration and enjoy to gifting them to her parents. She was very talkative, independent and active girl. Observation. Physical Development: Observing Isabella physically sheRead MoreMaria Montessori ( 1870-1952 )1081 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognised throughout the world to this day. She began educational work at the children’s house with underprivileged children which brought her international acclaim. She then actively interpreted and indorsed her own work for close to a decade. Montessori’s teachings are centred around the child, with an understanding that the child has an absorbent mind and opportunities should be made available to the child and they will take responsibility for their individual learning. These teachings remain relevantRead MoreMy Observation Of My Preschool Observation1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of my â€Å"Preschool Observation† is to observe the behavior of a three year old toddler in a head start school setting. The child’s name is Adam Johnson, he is three years old, I do not know the child. I knew that if I did not know the child it would be a better observ ation. My purpose is to objectively observe the two year old toddler without bias responses of my observation in full descriptive details. My observation of the three year old preschool is to explain the domains of developmentRead MoreReggio Emili Curriculum Methods Techniques1363 Words   |  6 Pagesparents and educators in the city developed an educational system for young children. By the 1980s, many educators across the globe were choosing to use the Reggio Emilia method in the classroom. The Reggio Emilia approach is considered an â€Å"in-depth project that emerges from the children s intellectual curiosity, social interactions, and interests† (p. 60). Teachers view themselves as â€Å"partners in learning† and encourage children to express their knowledge through language or modes of expression. SomeRead MoreThe Educational Work Of Maria Montessori1349 Words   |  6 Pagesmentally retarded children it was here that her observations would become fundamental to her future educational work. Montessori began to develop her philosophy and methods in 1897. She caught everyone s attention when most of her uneducable students passed the state test in reading and math, some scoring above average. Curious how such principles would work with the mainstream population of children, Montessori then opened her first school; Casa dei Bambini (Children s House) in 1907. MontessoriRead MoreChild Observation Paper1294 Words   |  6 PagesChild Observation Paper Jason Betts Pacific Oaks College November 12, 2012 The purpose of this paper is to discuss and review my observation of a 7 year old African American male who is being raised by his grandmother (45 year old Bi-racial female who has 9 children of her own; 7 of the children are still in the house). During my observation of â€Å"Jackson†, I focused on the following domains of child development: * Physical * Cognitive * Social * Emotional I applied Attachment

Bullying Policies And Procedures For Children And Young...

All schools are required by law to have measures in place to prevent bullying and most schools have a zero policy to it. We must also be aware of our own settings policy and procedures for bullying incidents and ensure that we always uphold these policies. If we do this then it leads to trust that the school and the staff take bullying seriously and will not allow it, thus giving the children and young people confidence to report any bullying incidents in confidence, knowing that it will then be looked into. The anti bullying policies and procedures in settings with children and young people help to ensure that the they can feel secure and safe in the setting, can be fully engaged in their own learning and development and also be inspired†¦show more content†¦Staff in the school should promote positive behaviour and peer support and self esteem and social skills should be promoted with the children and young people. Stories can be read and even perhaps role playing can be used to put across the anti bullying policy. It can also be helpful to talk about bullying and why it is wrong,. Question: Question 19 Answer: The best way to support children, young people and their families when bullying is suspected is first of all to listen to the child or person that is being bullied when they talk to you about it. We must reassure the child by letting them know that it is not their fault and that they were very brave to come to us to let us know, and that we will now get the issues resolved. We must ask the child or young person what they are wanting to do next about the bullying and let them know the options that are available to them. The bullying must be taken seriously and investigated thoroughly. We must also make sure that we talk to the childs parents or carers about the bullying showing them respect and assuring them that we will investigate the incidents and resolve the issues. It is important that we remain calm at all times as this can beShow MoreRelatedExplain Child Protection in the Wider Concept Essays1210 Words   |  5 PagesExplain child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. Today we use the term safeguarding instead of child protection because it covers a much broader range. These changes were influenced by the first Joint Chief Inspectors’ safeguarding report 2002 and formalised in the Every Child Matters legislation outlined in the Children Act 2004. By safeguarding a child or young person we ensure they get the very best of the opportunities available to them for themRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislations, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People Including E-Safety.758 Words   |  4 Pagesguidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. Many accounts of child abuse and neglect can be avoided in many cases if all the agencies involved with children worked well together and were able to identify the signs that a child was at risk. Many children have their development affected through the actions of abuse, neglect or bullying, the majority of these events happen behind closed doors. Policies and procedures for childRead MoreResilience Is The Ability To Steer Through Serious Life1683 Words   |  7 Pageswork on throughout our lives. And we need to start as early as possible. Parents are the most important people to help build their children’s resilience. Children learn a lot by watching their parents. When parents cope well with everyday stress, they are showing their children how to do the same. Why is it important to develop resilience? Resilience makes a big difference in People’s lives. People who respond to hardships with resilience are: †¢ Healthier and live longer †¢ Happier in their relationshipsRead MoreReport to Explain How to Respond to Evidence or Concerns That a Child or Young Person Has Been Bullied1587 Words   |  7 Pages333 Understanding How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People Task E Produce a report explaining how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been bullied. One of the major concerns for people working within children’s services is the increase in cases of children affected by bullies. Bullying can take any of the forms listed below: †¢ Verbal Bullying: A child becomes a victim of bullying if they, or their loved ones, are subjected to ‘nameRead MoreSafeguarding Tasks1444 Words   |  6 Pagesminimum upon which every child and young person should be able to depend.Protection of Children in England ‘A progress report 12th March 2009’ | 1. Make a booklet†¢ an outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people†¢ an analysis of how national and local guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding affect day to day work with children and young people†¢ an explanation of how the processesRead MoreLevel 3 Tda 3.4 Promote Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour1382 Words   |  6 PagesPromote children and young people’s positive behaviour 1 Understand policies and procedures for promoting children and young people’s positive behaviour 1.1 Policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting children and young people’s positive behaviour We take great pride in our school in promoting positive behaviour. This is reflected in many of our policies which are in place. Listed below is a brief summary of some of the policies and procedures in place: ââ€"  behaviour policy – inRead MorePsychology and Young People Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesName________________________ Assessment Plan 304 Promote children and young people’s positive behaviour Evidence requirements | Complete() | 1.Signed completed assessment plan (in plastic wallet) | | 2.Review of City and Guilds | | 3.Discussion with Assessor | | 4.Completed assessment form | | 5.Reflective journal | | 6.Checklist signed and completed | | Assessment plan issued date by: | Assessor:Learner: | Date: | | Assessment plan submission plan agreed by: | Assessor:Learner:Read MoreExplain The Importance Of Safeguarding The Welfare Of Children And Young People1229 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisations and people that work with, or come into contact with children should have safeguarding policies and procedures to ensure that every child, regardless of their age, gender, religion or ethnicity, can be protected from harm. This includes hospitals, schools, private sector providers, sports clubs, faith groups and voluntary/community organisations. Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people is extremely important. It involves more than just protecting children from abuse – itRead MoreThe Legislation Regarding Safeguarding And Chid Protection1431 Words   |  6 Pagesthat all the children are safe, secure and protected from any kind of potential harm which may affect their health or development. Children in learning settings may come across various types of experiences like bullying, cyber-bullying, discrimination, etc. These types of experiences where perpetrator could also be a child or a group of children can disturb the process of learning. It also has long term effects on the child being bullied and the child/ group of children who are bullying. ‘DepartmentRead MoreSafeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People1410 Words   |  6 Pageswelfare of children and young people Task A 1. The Children Act 1989 - 2004 is the most relevant legislation for safeguarding children and young people’s welfare. It was first made to give boundaries and support for local authorities for the welfare of children. The act then also made changes to the law that are regulated for children and their safety if they are in foster homes, adoption agencies, babysitting services and also handling childcare crimes and crimes against children. The children act’s

Hydraulic Fracturing free essay sample

Hydraulic Fracturing: An Inconvenient Truth Carolyn Yanoti and Florian Muller 16068325, 16078618 December 5, 2013 Workshop Paper Assignment Final Version Professor Julia Quartz As America looks to find the best source of energy at hand domestically, the use of hydraulic fracturing proves to be the best response. Hydraulic fracturing is more commonly known as fracking, is the process where natural gas is extracted from shale rock areas deep within the earth. In the US, an estimated total of 1. 44 quadrillion cubic feet of shale gas is accessible with this technology. In 2012, 32 states hosted natural gas drillers, with an extensive tendency. In the same year, 24 states considered 127 bills which were dealing with hydraulic fracturing, including regulatory laws in seven states and a ban of hydraulic fracturing in Vermont. More regulatory laws are likely to be enacted, as the opposition to fracking increases (NIA, 2013). This technology has created controversies in the United States over the cost benefits of risks as well as the uncertainties that may result in an unforeseen future. Using a social constructivist approach we will be able to uncover how these controversies are constructed and what actors make up each side of the debate. Understanding how American society perceives risks and uncertainties, as well as how actors from the fracking industry frame their debate, is shown through the use of boundary work. This leads us to our question; is boundary work a sufficient tool to analyze the controversy of hydraulic fracturing? In order to find an answer to this we must understand how both sides of the debate construct their views of risk and uncertainty which will be assisted through Becks theory of risk society. Through this theory, the relevance between hydraulic fracturing and global development exists hase of development of modern society in which the social, political ecological and individual risks created by the momentum of innovation increasingly elude the control and protective institutions of industrial society (Beck, 1999, pp. 2). The modernizing of society into a risk society is the connection this controversy experiences in relation to globalization and development. Hydraulic fracturing is a debate that can best be explicated through understanding the social contructivist approach, risk society, and boundary work in order to uncover its path in globalization and development. A social constructivist approach is relevant in understanding how knowledge and debates are formulated by differing soci al groups. Using this theoretical framework provides us with a background on how a technology, in this case hydraulic fracturing, is constructed through separate discourses. According to Bilker, In the social construction of technology approach (SCOT), relevant social groups are the starting point. Technical artifacts are described through the eyes of the members of these groups. The interactions within and among relevant social groups can give different meanings to the same. (Bilker, 2001, pp. 26). In order to understand how controversial hydraulic fracturing is, the importance of how this technology is socially constructed among the relevant social groups is crucial. Thus looking at the controversy through a social constructivist study of the technology does not strictly mean we are applying Just an ontological position (Bilker, 1993, pp. 115). In order to understand how actors create a controversy over a technology it is best understood from Ulrich Becks theory of risk society. Beck explains how society moves from an industrial society to a risk society through two phases. Phase one: where self-harm is systematically produced but is not a public issue or in any way the center of political conflict, and phase two: hazards from the industrial society now dominate the political and public debates (Beck, 1999, pp. 72). These phases are distinguished due to an increase in knowledge distribution, and the understanding that calculable risks in an industrial society became incalculable and unpredictable now in a risk society. Understanding the different levels of risk interpretation by different actors builds support on why they may or may not support a technology. In the case of hydraulic fracturing, proponents argue fracking outcomes result in simplistic risks, which means they are manageable and can be easily calculated. In responding to potential opponents, the industry argues that risks can be managed through existing and rapidly improving technologies. A press release from the Marcellus Shale Coalition (2010) proposes what their argumentation looks like: The members of the Marcellus Shale Coalition develop and drill wells in an environmentally responsible manner, including the use of hydraulic fracturing to complete a well for production. Hydraulic fracturing has been an established and proven practice for 60 years in Pennsylvania and around the country, and has been regulated successfully by state agencies. There have been no identified groundwater contamination incidents due to hydraulic fracturing. In the additional measures to secure the extraction process, the strong pipe and the layers of cement, make hydraulic fracturing a very safe way to access the gas. Further security is guaranteed by the new, modern character of the technology. As a direct response to the risk of contains methane gas naturally and that it is not a poison. If methane gas would leak into the atmosphere, it is of no significant danger, because the half-life is a lot shorter than the one of carbon dioxide for example (Howarth, Ingraffea Engelder, 2011, p. 274-275). Opponents argue that risk outcomes from fracking are ambiguous and create unpredictable uncertainties. Beck explains, the face of the unforeseeable and unaccountable consequences of large-scale technologies, it is necessary to re- define the rules and principles (Beck 1993, pp. 78-79). The opponents arguments focus on environmental risks and health issues. They claim that shale fracking is not clean. The toxic additives used to extract the gas from the shale are likely to leak into the groundwater, which is a threat to the ecosystem. Acids, Benzene and friction reducers harm living beings, if they are exposed to those chemicals. Especially children are vulnerable. (Lauver, 2012, p. 383-385). A second major concern is linked to water contamination an air pollution caused by the exploited gas, methane. Methane might leak from the fissures and the well into the water and the environment. This gas is known as a very potent greenhouse gas, too. . to 7. 9% of the fracking methane gas escapes into the atmosphere. This is twice as much as amount of conventional gas leaking into the atmosphere. Additionally, the diesel pumps which are used to pump the water into the well pollute the air as well. (Finkel Hays, 2013, p. 890; Holzman, 2011). An additional argument related to environmental impacts from fracking is an increase of low-magnitude eart hquakes in fracking areas, where no such earthquakes have occurred until the start of fracking. This is especially the case in northern Texas. In November alone, 16 earthquakes have been registered. The strongest earthquake, which was registered in the area near Mineral Wells on November 13, 2013, had a magnitude of 3. 6. As this is a new experience for the people leaving it that area and thus, research on the relation between hydraulic fracturing and the occurrence of the earthquakes (RT, 2013a; Ellsworth, Robertson Hook, 2013). The Massachusetts Statehouse is seeking a ten year ban of fracking to protect the drinking water, as uncertainties about the origins of earthquakes in Texas grow (RT, 2013b). This theory of risk society explains how risk and uncertainties differ between actors in more detail. It is how these actors frame their debate which creates a controversial element in the fracking debate. This type of framing is done through the use of boundary work. According to Gieryn boundary work is a strategic and purposeful act in which boundaries are drawn between realms, for example between science and non-science and between science and politics. (van Asselt, 2008, pp. 288). Actors use boundary work as a way to construct an ongoing role or goal portrayed in a particular way, and then presented to others. In the controversy of hydraulic fracturing we can see the use of boundary work used y proponents, arguing that Shale gas is a bridging or transitional technology, the technique results in simple calculable risks, it supports the economy, and much of the public has been misinformed. Having less greenhouse gas emissions than other fossil fuels, shale gas decreases global warming. They see gas as the lesser evil compared to other fossil fuels especially coal. The large resources make shale gas an important factor for US energy needs and its economic renewal. On a global scale, hydraulic fracturing is presented as one breakthrough for the growing world sources (Chyba, 2013; Halliburton, 2008). Not only does the fracking industry propose economic and energy benefits but the evidence proposed by the opposing actors is classed as too subjective, or non-science. According to Terry Engelder, an employee at the Depertment of Geosciences at Pennsylvania State University, Risk perception is ultimately subjective: facts are all too easily combined with emotional responses. With hydraulic fracturing, as in many cases fear levels exceed the evidence. (Howarth, Ingraffea Engelder, 2011). We can see how boundary work in this case is divided strongly between perceptions of science and non-science. In the case of opponent arguments, boundary work is seen in a form of the lay knowledge divide. According to Wynne, the lay people are the grassroots expertise, informal knowledge which lay people may well have about the validity of expert assumptions about real-world conditions is also an important category of lay knowledge that is usually systematically under-recognized. (Wynne, 1996, pp. 59). Proponents exclude lay knowledge and uncertainties that are uncovered by the lay public by dividing science from non-science knowledge. These stories from Pennsylvania are very alarming, said Dr. Sheila Bushkin, MD, MPH of the Institute for Health and the Environment at University at Albany. The perspective of the gas industry fails to show adequate concern for the long-term health and quality of life of people. When you listen to the personal experiences of actual residents of Pennsylvania and other states where fracking has gone forward, you will hear stories of dead cows, pets, sick children, poisoned water and other serious health and environmental problems.

Iraq Essays - Epic Of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim

Iraq Gilgamesh is an epic that has been passed down for thousands of years. The epic narrates the legendary deeds of the main character Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is two-thirds immortal and one-third mortal; however, he cannot accept his fate that one day he too will die (Gilgamesh 1). The entire epic tells the story of how Gilgamesh searches for immortality. Through his many trials and tribulations, Gilgamesh proves that he has great physical strength. However, throughout the epic Gilgamesh also shows he is emotionally unstable and immature. The author created Gilgamesh with this flaw of immaturity so that he would be a more believable character. The depth of Gilgamesh's physical strength first appears to the reader in the prologue. Gilgamesh is said to be the man to whom all things are known(Gilgamesh 13). The gods created him with great care giving him beauty and courage. The great gods made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull(Gilgamesh 13). Wolff writes in his study that Gilgamesh is the strongest man of his time, and the greatest warrior...(1). Furthrermore, his beauty and power were like that of no other man. The poem begins by stating that Gilgamesh is an overbearing king. He never sleeps due to his over indulgence in life. Gilgamesh keeps the city in disruption ivolving anyone he pleases in his corrupt demands (Wolff 1). He sleeps with all the virgins before they are married, therefore, making them inpure before their husbands have a chance to sleep with them. If Gilgamesh were a mature king, he would see no reason to show he is the most powerful. He would lead his people with only good intentions and rule the land justly. Even though Gilgamesh demonstrates great physical strength in defeating Humbaba and by killing the Bull of Heaven, his emotional strength is put to the test when Enkidu, his companion, dies. Gilgamesh wants everyone and everything to mourn his death. He could not accept Enkidu's death. Seven days and seven nights he wept for Enkidu, until the worm fastened on him(Gilgamesh 13). His irrational actions prove Gilgamesh is emotionally unstable and immature. Another example of Gilgamesh's immaturity is his infactuation with immortality. He abandons his normal way of life, leaves Uruk, and begins a new life as a hunter. Gilgamesh goes on a long and dangerous journey to find Utnapishtim, a man who was given eternal life by the gods, to find out how he escaped death. However, Gilgamesh soon finds out that death is unavoidable. Throughout the epic of Gilgamesh, the characteristics of immaturity are very apparent to the reader. Most stories have a heroic character who does not have any flaws, and the hero's attributes are unattainable by normal humans. However, because Gilgamesh does have imperfect characteristics, he seems more believable to the reader. The reader is able to relate to him and compare fears and sorrows. For instance, many people are scared of death or how they will die. Through this fear of dying, they can relate to Gilgamesh. Therefore, Gilgamesh's weaknesses add to the story and make Gilgamesh a more realistic character. English Essays

buy custom Kennewick Man essay

buy custom Kennewick Man essay Kennewick man is the name that has been given to the skeletal remains of a pre-historical man found along the banks of River Columbia in Washington. These remains were found during a boat race in the Columbia River in July 28th, 1996. Incidentally, two fans had pulled ashore to get a better view of the race found the human skulls and thereafter took them to the County Coroners. From the County Coroners, an archeologist known as James Chatter used the skulls to retrieve a nearly complete human skull with a long narrow face. This was claimed to suggest a European descent. However, controversy began to rise early when the skull was found to be over 9,000 years old laying to rest earlier speculations that it could be 40 to 50 years old.(Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 1997). From that moment on, the stretch of Columbia River has been maintained by the US Army Corps of Engineers, being considered a part of the traditional homeland of the Umatilla tribe. This kind of arrangement draws from the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act that was signed by President George H. W. Bush in 1990. This act dictates that if human remains are found on Federal lands and their cultural affiliation properly determined then the bones must be returned to that particular tribe for reburial. The Umatilla tribe made the claim to the bones and the claim was granted thereby necessitating commencement of the process of repatriation.(Lee Mike, December 26, 1999). Immediately the process of repatriation began, eight archeologists sued for the right to study the skull before it could be reburied. And in September 1998, the high court judges ordered that the skulls be sent for study. However, yet again a protracted battle took shape. The political battles were framed mostly by people who wanted to know about the actual race of the Kennewick man. Finally, the study commenced in Seattle Museum in 2005 and results started trickling in later in 2006. Till this day, the actual race of Kennewick man has not been determined as they neither fit the Indian nor the European Races. (Tano Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000). The politics of the Kennewick man has become complex with time. Sometime in January of the year 2000, there was a moment of relief that the issue had been solved. That was when Franck McManamon, the Chief Archeologist at the National Park Service, announced that the findings on the skeletal remains had indicated an age of about 9,000 and therefore rendered the skeleton subject to the National American Graves and Repatriation Act. Department of Interior,( September 25, 2000). However, this was not to last. In a quick rejoinder, the court indicated that there was still an issue with the real meaning of the word Native America as defined in the Act. According to them, the inclusion of the word indigenous in the definition implied that the law could not apply to tribes that descended from the immigrants who came to America from other continents. (Liloqula Ruth, Summer 1996). However, the problem could easily be solved if politics and legal arguments are kept at bay. It is quite visible that the Congress did not intend to limit the term Native American. Rather, the National Amercan Graves and Repatriation Act was meant to be all inclusive for the tribes and cultures that resided in the lands comprising the United States of America prior to the historically documented European exploration of these American lands. In fact, by all the scientific information available, every single individual in America is a descendant from the immigrants who came from other continents. In light of this, the legislation by the Congress could not any other meaning.(Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 1997). The question of the real affiliation of the Kennewick man remains a fundamental problem. Already, five different tribes have laid claim for its ownership. These include the Umatilla, Colville, Wanapum, Nez Perce and Yakama. As much as the war of words continues to rage, what remains to be seen is whether a DNA test will unravel this affiliation.( Kevles, Daniel J. 1994). However, archeologists already acknowledge that this determination will be a daunting task considering that ethnicity is only determined by cultural definitions and not any scientific methods. Indeed, the only reliable way to make an intelligent guess is by using the study of the ancient skeletal remains to understand the migration patterns of the American immigrants. (Tano Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000). In a letter written in September 2000 by Bruce Babbitt who was by the time the US Secretary of the Interior seemed to have laid the few facts that existed. According to her, the Department of Defense of the United States had determined that the evidence of the cultural continuity was strong enough to show that the Kennewick man is affiliated to the present day Indian tribe claimants. In her view, the Indian tribe claimants were then considered the legal custodians of the skeletal material. (Liloqula, Ruth, Summer 1996). The evidence that formed the backbone of the argument of the Department of Interior was obtained from oral history, American geography and a small bit of archeological sources. However, the public perception of the Department of Interior that this provided adequate evidence was quite interesting, considering they did not recommend or intend to do any further testing.(Kevles Daniel J. 1994). However, shortly thereafter, the Department found out that another skeletal remain called the Spirit Cave mummy could not be affiliated historically or otherwise to any of the modern tribes, although it was roughly the same age as the Kennewick man.(General Assembly of the State of Vermont, 2000). As a matter of fact, none of the laboratories could make any findings on the DNA samples given to them. In fact, they could not even obtain adequate material for the DNA tests from the bone collagen. It was only up to late that the U.C. Davis Molecular Anthropology Laboratory reported that further develo pments in the methods of DNA analysis could make it possible to extract and study the DNA of the remains of the Kennewick man.(Tano Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000).While that sounded like a good idea then, it is yet to happen. The eight scholars who had gone to court to be allowed access to the Kennewick skeletal material came to the fore again. They renewed their suit against what they considered a severe professional setback. This is a clear inndicator that besides the politics of the Kennewick man, a good majority of the general public hold the belief that the Kennewick Man should be reburied without further DNA analysis. (Associated Press, February 2, 2000).To many observers, this could just be but one of the unending battle in the war between scientific advancement and conservative religious beliefs. Meanwhile, there is no denying that the stakes are high on both sides of the divide and may not end soon if not timely reconciled.(Luca Cavalli-Sforza Luigi, 1997). Some legal progress continues to be made anyway. On August 2002, a judge in the state of Oregon gave a ruling that was considered a relief for the archeologists. This long-awaited decision saw the judge rule that the scientists must be permitted access to the Kennewick skeletal remains so they could study it and make the determinations that befit them. It further restricted the repatriated of the skeletal remains of the Kennewick man to the American Indian tribes that were party to the court case. This reasoning no doubt had serious implications then and will certainly have an impact on future procedures and legal considerations concerning the protection of archaeological resources.(Liloqula, Ruth, Summer 1996). As of any legal document, the Kennewick Man decision is like a die already cast. The document was clearly written with perfect logic and therefore the mere fact that it bears sharp criticism of the undertakings of the Department of the Interior on the federal lands cannot be taken for granted. However, it continues to be seen as a denial of rights of the tribes, often drawing more sympathy than sense in its analysis. Currently, the popular argument is that the prevailing legislation that should have been given more consideration was that which protects archeological resources (APRA) and not the one that roots for repatriation (NAGPRA). (Tano, Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000) The Archaeological Resources Protection Act ARPA of 1979 was purposely intended to ensure that archaeological sites occurring on federal lands are properly safeguarded. Further, the main focus was to be on the protection and conservation of the archaeological materials for science. In fact, all the artifacts found under ARPA were to be given special protection by the state and be made available to qualified scientists in a timely manner.(Kevles, Daniel J. 1994). On the other hand, NAGPRA that was enacted in 1990 was meant to ensure that archaeological and cultural materials the lands considered federal lands would necessitate repatriation to the original owners as defined by history. However this was to be effected only after they had been properly identified and assigned to the descendants American Indian tribes who made a logical claim for them, especially archeological material of human remains and the traditional ceremonial goods. Essentially, it remains to be seen if the legal b attles will continue and if the Indian tribes will be given a permanent right to bury the skeletal remains after an adequate DNA test. (Lee Mike, December 26, 1999). Meanwhile, the battle continues in the court of laws and the pulpit with equal measures. It remains to be seen just if DNA test will provide a solution to this complex question. Buy custom Kennewick Man essay

How to Write an Advertisement Critique Essay

How to Write an Advertisement Critique Essay Writing an Advertisement Critique Essay What is an advertisement critique essay? How to start an advertisement analysis: Tips on how to start How to write an outline How to write a thesis for an advertisement critique essay How to write an introduction Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis How to write body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to finish an advertisement critique essay Tips on conclusion writing Advertisement analysis revision: Tips on revision Advertisement critique essay sample Advertising plays an important role in todays world. There are people who depend on advertising for their livelihood while others have built multi-billion dollar companies from advertising. It is estimated that in a year, people spend up to $450 billion and for the U.S. accounts for a third of the above amount. Therefore, advertising is indeed an important sector. What is an advertisement critique essay? The above information is essential for an essay writer to develop their advertisement analysis. However, one should, first of all, understand what an advertising analysis is as well as its main features. An advertising critique essay can be described as a paper whose aim is to deeply examine an ad and provide a comprehensive analysis of the same. Its features are not different to that of other essays because it will have an introduction with a thesis statement, a body with several topic sentences, and finally a conclusion. However, you need to ensure your writing focuses solely on the ad and that you provide your verdict on the ad. How to start an advertisement analysis: Tips on how to start Every accomplished writer will tell you that starting an essay is the most difficult stage. The start will always present you with some challenges. However, as you keep writing, you grow as a writer and your increased experience will help handle and tackle any kind of paper. To start an advertisement analysis, consider the following tips: Choose an ad you understand and like to write on. Ensure you are familiar with the product being advertised. Vaguely describe the ad. Look at the ad keenly and note everything you find interesting or that captures your attention. Develop an argument you wish to express in your paper. Develop an outline. How to write an outline An outline is simply a map or a prototype of your paper. It should encompass your main ideas as well as anything you wish to have in your paper. It should also be structured into an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. This is essential because it helps you define the information that goes into each segment. Make your outline brief but thorough. This will help to make your work easier because you will simply be filling up data or information. Separate your points and make sure each stands on its own. How to write a thesis for an advertisement critique essay As already stated, you cannot write about an ad you do not understand. Therefore, first know what a thesis statement is and what it does before you get to how to write it. A brief explanation is as follows: a thesis statement is a statement carrying your main argument or the point you wish to express to your audience. The basic things you need to understand here include: Make it brief and clear. Ensure it is detailed enough to communicate your main point or argument. How to write an introduction An introduction is the most important part of your paper. It not only draws the attention of your readers but also ensures they are interested enough to read the entire article. You, therefore, need to ensure it is as interesting as possible. You should also make it brief but detailed enough to capture and communicate your main argument. The above simply means you need to include your thesis statement. Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis To better explain what the above section is communicating, consider the following tips: Start with a hook. A hooks aim is to capture the attention of your audience; it is always the first or second sentence. Provide a general summary of the ad. This includes the company, the product, etc. Include your thesis statement in your introduction. How to write body paragraphs Body paragraphs mainly build on your thesis statement. They help to expound your argument further by using other smaller arguments. While writing the body paragraphs, you need to ensure that each paragraph begins with a topic sentence. Topic sentences are then followed by supporting sentences which simply provide support or evidence to your topic sentences. Tips on body writing Use topic sentences to start your paragraphs. Typically the body should be 3-5 paragraphs long unless stated otherwise. Cite any information you include and that is not your original idea. Mention or indicate the ads targeted audience. Mention some of the strategies used in the ad to make it more appealing to the audience. Provide the textual strategies used in the ad. How to finish an advertisement critique essay In the conclusion, you need to recap or provide a summary of your paper including the arguments used in your paper. You also need to have a restatement of your thesis statement. The finishing of a paper is indeed important. You need to make it memorable and in a way that will be difficult for your audience to forget. Tips on conclusion writing For an advertisement critique essay, you need to consider the following tips as you write your conclusion: Recap your article by providing a small summary of your writing. Restate your thesis statement. Provide recommendations on how the ad could be improved. Discuss implications of the ad on the cultural, political, social aspects of the society. Advertisement analysis revision: Tips on revision Revising your articles should be an important and mandatory step as a writer. Revising means re-reading your article and correcting any mistakes you find in your essay. While revising your paper consider the following tips: Use online grammar checkers to help you correct some of the punctuation and grammatical errors. Give a trusted friend or family member your article to read and to offer genuine feedback. Cite any piece of information which is not original. Advertisement critique essay sample Coca-Cola is by far the most profitable soft drinks company. The company is not only adaptive but also keeps reinventing itself which makes it more adorable and gives the customers little chance of ignoring their products. Their new advert dubbed Taste the Feeling is indeed reminiscent of the company’s prowess in ensuring that clients keep buying their products. The ad is not only appealing but also prompts one to go get a Coca-Cola bottle. The Taste the Feeling ad not only and successfully unites all of the company’s products but also helps to showcase why the company is where it is. First of all, the ad is simple and is also fitted with appropriate captions which seek to explain every moment that could be spent with an ice-cold Coke. The audience is obviously the young consumers or the millennials whose lifestyle could accommodate the taste of Coca-Cola. It is also fair to say that the ad does achieve its purpose and goes ahead and uses characters whose lifestyle is reminiscent of the target audience. Secondly, the ad appeals to the emotions of everyone who is watching by including a series of emotionally charged moments. In all these moments, the ad shows a coke being enjoyed thus helping to calm the characters’ nerves down or to simply help them enjoy the moment more. Here, the company was trying to make secure its position as the leader in the soft drinks industry. Additionally, one can say that the company was also trying to endear itself to the customers even more. Thirdly, the message was also clear and one could sense the pleasure of drinking Coca-Cola. The goal was trying to show how the drink makes moments special and more even more nostalgic. By using this mode or direction of advertising, it is possible to get or to grasp the attention of viewers. Everyone will simply be wishing for the specialness of having an ice-cold Coca-Cola bottle whenever they are having or thinking of special moments. In conclusion, it is difficult to get a negative aspect of the ad. It not only captures one attention but also unites the products of the company. The theme which is simple and catchy is also something that is unforgettable and therefore, helps to make it more appealing. It is indeed difficult to beat this particular ad and other companies ought to be aware.

Corn Supply and Demand Schedule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Corn Supply and Demand Schedule - Essay Example By showing the relationship between price and quantity, the demand schedule most commonly consists of two columns. The first column lists the current price of a product, listed in ascending or descending order. The second column lists the quantity of the product that is desired, or demanded, at that price. As the price rises, the quantity demanded tends to reduce. When the data in the table is graphed, creating the demand curve, it demonstrates the relationship between various price points and the corresponding demand. The demand curve can provide a way to estimate the demand for the product at any point along the curve. Demand and Supply Schedules A demand schedule is typically used in conjunction with a supply schedule showing the quantity of a good that would be supplied to the market at given price levels. Graphing both schedules on a chart with the axes described above, it is possible to obtain a graphical representation of the supply and demand dynamics of a particular market. Ceteris paribus, the market reaches an equilibrium where the supply and demand schedules intersect. At this point, the corresponding price is the equilibrium market price, and the corresponding quantity is the equilibrium quantity exchanged in the market.

Migration Policy of United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Migration Policy of United Kingdom - Essay Example The applicant work experience, higher academic achievement such as a bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees, English language ability which requires that an applicant should have a bachelors degree taught in English - will be given more merits and consideration. Migrants must also pass the International English Language Testing System requirement. The government will also deem the employment of illegal workers a criminal offence carrying a punishment of up to two years imprisonment. The new system also calls for the termination of 'chain migration', which means that there will be no instantaneous rights for a family member to bring in more relatives into the country. In addition, the new rules call for the automatic termination of right for residency for some categories of migrants and calls for an introduction of new mechanisms for an enhanced migration control. Although research on migration suggests that economic migration had given the UK economic advantage as migration is not detrimental to employment opportunities or responsible for depressing wages, some policymakers contended that the low cost of labour only benefited employers, but not the unskilled workers, composed mainly of many migrant workers. Immigration to the United Kingdom has increased considerably during the previous and the current decade. With continued economic development and historically low unemployment figures causing increased demand for migrant labourers, immigration figures have augmented to an unparalleled number (Pinkerton, 2005). As a result of this of rising immigration figures which caused apprehensions not only to the policy makers but also to the populations - 60 percent of the populace, according to a recent survey, believe that there are too many immigrants in Britain - lawmakers have tried to create efficient policies to handle migration (MORI Survey, 2006). One important part of the UK debate on migration is the question of how to control the flow of workers from the 10 new members of the European Union joined in May 2004. Under the EU terms, existing members of the EU had the alternative to put provisional limitations on the migrant workers from the Central and Eastern European countries. This was devised to alleviate any possible 'labor market shocks' which will occur as a result of the economic differences between existing and new EU member countries. In the months that followed, many other existing member countries began to put restrictions on the surge of workers from these countries with the exception of UK, Ireland, and Sweden. In effect, the UK government came under enormous pressure to put restrictions and devise plans to control labor migration (Shaw, 2004). Amid these new migration policies, new studies show that migrant workers have contributed as much 36.7 billion - or 3% - to the United Kingdom's economy since 1997 and more than one-third of that amount spawned since the appointment of 10 countries to form the EU-25 in May 2004. Nonetheless, the report, from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, stated the benefits had not been allocated uniformly, and had most likely added to an increase in unemployment among the unskilled laborers. Furthermore, the institute stated that about 5% of the existing workers has arrived in the country since 1997 - one third of those since 2004 - and that the latest migrants comprise 4.5% of the national wage bill. Recent research

Kodak and Digital Revolution Essay Example for Free

Kodak and Digital Revolution Essay In 1976 Kodak controlled 90% of the film market and 85% of camera sales in the United States. By 1992 the share of film market decreased by 5%. In 1991 they launched the first professional digital camera. In 1998 they spent $1. 2 billion to two joint ventures with the Chinese government and by 1999 became number two in digital cameras in the United States with a 27% market share. In 2001it launched â€Å"Where it all clicks† theme to stimulate digital imaging and in 2002 launched the first mass-market product for digital film processing. By 2003 they controlled most photofinishing transaction in the United States with 15% unprofitable digital camera market. Digital imaging was a disruptive technology that was emerging in early 80’s and Kodak got blind sighted by its extreme focus on existing customers and their needs. They followed a customer focus strategy instead of taking digital imaging as a disruptive innovation. Their focus was to provide products that its existing clients want in a cost effective manner. Kodak’s strategy for digital imaging has been way off and its first digital product, the â€Å"Photo CD† which was a failure. It couldn’t leverage upon world’s first electronic image sensor that they launched earlier that was widely used by computer industry worldwide. They used all strategies to the disposal but its timing was way off. They used Radical to incremental innovation an example is their digital photography compared to Sony’s Then their strategy shifted from convergence of digital and film based imaging to selling hardware such as digital cameras and printers by alliancing with computer and electronic industry. This strategy also failed as competition was too fierce by 1995 and profit margins shrunk. Then strategy was changed to picture business and network consumables with at least 50% market share. These strategies were based to the changing market needs and competition especially from Fuji films Kodak is a showcase for failing to innovate; they missed the digital revolution because they were focused on protecting its core business, traditional photographic film. The reality is different, though. Kodak was in fact one of the first companies to have worked on digital imaging it’s not that they were ignoring the digital revolution! Today, Kodak is still leading digital imaging, as the company holds many patents in this field that are used in products such as HP printers. The painful Kodak factory closures that one can see nowadays are nothing but the price to pay to transition from one era to the other, from the era when Kodak was a chemist to an era when it is a software company. For all its mistakes, Kodak is doing what few companies have been able to do. Lessons Learned No doubt, Kodak was victim of the innovators dilemma. The most immediate takeaway from the fall of Kodak is clear: Don’t be afraid to cannibalize your own business in the name of progress. But Kodak’s inability to make any of its products stand out over the last decade is demonstrative of an overall reluctance to innovate.

Myra Hindley :: essays research papers

A sadistic temptress, the aid and probable prompt of an evil and cold blooded killer. Or a 'political prisoner being used as a scapegoat by politicians and the media'? This is a very sensitive subject and people often respond with fear and anxiety when we decide to examine things like the Moors murders. We are told that our curiosity is 'unhealthy', and that wanting to know,or openly debate about a matter which is 'naturally' closed, can only be the desire of a sick mind. We are encouraged to turn a blind eye and leave well alone. It is obvious to me that to wish to examine something is not to condone it. Yet when somebody tries to ask questions about taboo subjects today, they are assumed to be sympathetic to the subject, maybe even a little deranged, and certainly suspect. They become an outcast, and this coming adrift from the herd is also something which many fear. Many say better to be seen to be part of the lynch-mob than to become its quarry but these are the people who don't have the strength of character to even attempt to be the quarry. During their trial, neither Hindley nor Brady showed remorse. Both were sentenced to life. They are still in prison at this time. The judge has stated that she will indeed spend the rest of her days in prison with no chance of ever being paroled, so why does she still argue against the judges decision ? A lot of pressure is put on Governments to keep Hidley inside and whether or not she is to be released is now often stated in party political statements prior to elections, as it is feared that the overriding pubic opinion could win or lose elections. On November the twenty - first supporters of Hindley called for a review of sentencing procedures after Jack Straw reaffirmed the decision of his predecessor, Michael Howard, of never releasing Hindley from prison. The ruling came under immediate attack from penal reformers and civil liberties campaigners. Myra Hindley is still petitioning for her release On October the seventh, 1998 Hindley concluded a hearing at the Court of Appeal trying to overrule her "whole-life tariff." In her new attempt at overturning her life sentence and win the right to a parole hearing, Hindley claimed that she can prove that she took part in the Moors murders only because Brady abused her, and threatened to kill her mother, grandmother and younger sister if she did not comply with his wishes.

How far has current social work organisation and practice been shaped by the values of the Enlightenment?

In the following assignment, I will briefly define the ‘Enlightenment' and the specific circumstances when it emerged. I will identify and discuss, if the ‘Enlightenment' has core values and I will give reasons to backup my decisions. Then there will be a brief discussion about the current features of Social Work organisation and anti-discriminatory practice in relation to women. I will explain if the current feature of Social Work Practice demonstrates any link with the ‘Enlightenment' values. Due to word limitation, it is difficult to discuss and analyse all of the ‘Enlightenment' values. I will focus on two of the values: ‘tolerance and freedom' to discuss and analyse them with the conjunction of the Social Work Practice. Benson et al (cited in Spybey, T. 1997) explains that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment' is a term used to describe those thinkers of the eighteenth century who established the basis of looking at the society in a scientific way†. The' Enlightenment' movements started in 16th and 17th century. Thus â€Å"It's roots go much farther back in western history and it continued to develop long after the 18th century, Hollinger (1994) calls it â€Å"a programme for improving human life was worked out†. It took place in 18th century but mainly in the second half of the18th century, French educated men and women called themselves ‘Philosophes' who became known as the ‘Enlightenment'. According to Porter (1990 cited in Hall et al 1992: 24) â€Å"The Enlightenment was the era which saw the emergence of a secular intelligentsia large enough and powerful enough for the first time to challenge the clergy. The key domain in which ‘Enlightenment' intellectuals involved in supporting existing, man and society, which was sustained by the church authority and it's monopoly over the information media of the time†. The ‘Enlightenment' challenged the traditional and religious views and ideas. The society, the world, human-beings and nature, all were seen in the light of the traditional and religious views which were dominated by Christianity. Hamilton (1997 cited in Handouts, 2003) and Hall et al (1992: 7) explains that â€Å"From around 1760, â€Å"A perspective summed up in Voltaire's phrase ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½crasez l'infame': means ‘crush the infamous thing' and †¦ it became a nutritious catchphrase†. It opposed the Catholic Church and religious beliefs for example Script of Bible, miracles associated with Jesus and other prophets, God and angel's existence, the church's authority and people's beliefs were criticized, which were based on the religion and tradition. Hall et al (1992: 20) expresses that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment is the foundation of ‘Modernity' and ‘Modern Social Science'. It changed the way of thinking by comprehending it as systematic, scientific and practical†. Its emergence gave ‘Philosophes' a wider scoops to explore beyond their religious and traditional beliefs. It created an atmosphere for ‘Philosophes' to believe in the â€Å"pre-eminence of empirical, materialist knowledge: the model in this respect furnished by science, an enthusiasm for technological and medical progress and a desire for legal and constitutional reform† (Johnson, I. Handouts: 2003). Basically, the ‘Enlightenment laid a foundation for people to think liberally and have some sense of equality in the society. In my view, the above significant factors were the bases of the ‘Enlightenment's values, which let the ‘Enlightenment' develop and progress steadily. Because it was the first time when it was made possible for people to explore and express their personal beliefs and view and test the validity of their thoughts, through scientific, systematic ways and without being bounded by religious and traditional restrictions. The ‘Enlightenment' values brought in changes and development in the society and in the people's views and thoughts. It set the milestone for our new modern world that we live in today. It also opened up the opportunities for ‘Philosophes' to work, explore and experiment in a wider context and relay their ideas and views with some freedom. It abolished the traditional and superstitious thoughts and prejudices. It created opportunities for legal and religious reformation to take place. I think that all the changes and development have only taken place because the ‘Enlightenment' values were in existence and were strong enough to challenge the strongest authority; the churches of that time. As churches and its authorities have had a great influence and power over people, economy, politics, law, social, every day life even the ruler/s of that time. Hall et al (1992: 21-22) had defined the core values of the ‘Enlightenment' which are summarised as the following: * Reason (nationality): systemized acquaintances (pragmatic or experimented). * Empiricism: human-beings; views and awareness that being gained through their perceptions and judgements. * Science: based on scientific methods and theories and can be tested systematically and scientifically. * Universalism: motives and science can be functional in all and every situation; if the principal were the same. * Progress: the concept of improvement in the natural and social conditions of human beings. * Individualism: a society is based on the thoughts and beliefs of its members and each member id origin of all â€Å"knowledge and action and his reasons can not be subjective to a higher authority. * Toleration: the notion of that all human-beings are essentially the same, despite their religious or moral convictions and that the beliefs of other races and civilization not inherently inferior to those of European Christianity. * Freedom: an opposition to feudal and traditional constraints or on believes: trades, communication, social interaction, sexuality, and ownership of property (although as we shall see the extension of freedom to women and the lower-classes was problematic for Philosophies)† (Hall et al. 1992: 22-23). * Uniformity of human nature: all the humankinds are the same all around the world. * Secularism: non-religious and non-traditional authorities and an opposition to the traditional religious authority and myths. Now, I will discuss the ‘Enlightenment's values: ‘toleration' and ‘freedom' in the correlation with the current Social Work practice especially in relation to anti-discriminatory practice regarding to women, to establish if the Enlightenment's values are linked or have influenced Social Work practice. I have experienced through my work experience with different communities that generally, women are treated unfairly and unequally in the society at most levels. Women have less freedom and rights than men. Globally, the women of 21th century are still struggling to gain an equal place as men in the society. Guru (2003: class-notes) stresses that â€Å"From birth to death women have to struggle in their lives to access their rights e.g welfare, personal, social, political, human, cultural, traditional, religious, labourer, employment†. The Social Work emphasises strongly on anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice. â€Å"During the late 1980s social work education became increasingly aware of the impact of oppression and discrimination on clients and communities. There was a growing and recognition of relative neglect of such issues in traditional approaches to social work in 1989, the Central Council for Education and Training in Social (CCETSW) laid down the regulations and requirements for the students† of Social work to practice in anti- discriminatory ways. †¦CCETSW also seek to ensure that students are prepared to combat other forms of discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, class, disability, culture or creed† (CCETSW 1989: 10 cited in Thompson, N. 1997: 1). The change in the CCETSW's regulation indicates that the discrimination still exists especially against certain groups and women are one of them and there is a need to combat discrimination. Moreover, it also states that it was recognised that the discrimination was linked with ‘traditional approaches'. It may mean that the ‘traditional views' still exists in our today's society, which the ‘Enlightenment' wanted to get rid of, to give people ‘freedom' and to promote equality for all individuals without their differences they had through ‘toleration'. Obviously, the â€Å"Enlightenment certainly propagated concept of equality (limited), democracy and emancipation †¦.† (Hall et al.1992: 33). But when it comes to women then it seems like that the women were almost invisible in the ‘Enlightenment'. Hall et al (1992: 60) expressed that â€Å"There was no Enlightenment for women. However they (Enlightenment) challenged the champion the rights of commons, the rights of Citizens, slaves, Jews, Indians and children but not those of women†. Under the ‘Enlightenment's values of ‘toleration and freedom': â€Å"all the human-beings are essentially the same† but it was not applied to women. Porter (2001: 69) explains that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment' helped to free a man from his past†¦.by declaring that â€Å"all human-beings are equal despite their race, religion, beliefs, civilization and moral convictions†¦ and Lock (1992 referred in Hall et al. 1992: 66) adds in that according to the ‘Enlightenment', â€Å"Every man has an equal right ‘to his natural freedom†. Similar, the ‘Code of Practice for Social Care Worker (CPSCW) requires that the social care workers must â€Å"promote equal opportunities for service users and†¦ respecting diversity and different cultures and values† (GSCC, 2002: 1.5-1.6). Moreover, the Social work values emphasises that the social workers should â€Å"identifies and question their own values and prejudices, and their implication of practice;†¦ and they should â€Å"Respect and value uniqueness and adversity†¦.and identify (discrimination), analyse and take action to counter discrimination, racism, disadvantage, inequality and injustice using strategies appropriate to role and context† (CCETSW, paper 30 referred in UB. 2002: 6). Social work is not focusing on certain and specific groups or people where as the ‘Enlightenment' was concerned with the specific group/s of the society. The ‘freedom' and ‘toleration' was for certain maters and specific groups but there were n laid rules or principals for ‘Philosophes' to follow and the ‘Philosophes' themselves were a small group of people. Therefore, the social work value gave people a direct power to clients by letting them choosing and decide for themselves and social worker are advised to â€Å"promote opportunities for people to use their own strengths to make decisions for themselves (CCETSW, paper 30 cited in UB. 2002: 4). In other words, social work has widened the concept of ‘freedom' and ‘toleration' by being considerate for all members of the community, which is now-a-days known as ‘anti-discrimination', freedom of choice' and ‘equality'. It demonstrates that the ‘Enlightenment' have given the idea and Social work made it possible for people by assisting clients and by practicing it physically. That does not mean that the social work have followed the ‘Enlightenment' concept and values unswervingly. But initially, the idea was there to follow and it may be possible that the ‘feminist' movements got the idea from the ‘Enlightenment' and modified it according to the current needs. Thompson (1997: 8) described that the â€Å"influence of feminism in sociology was beginning to extend to social policy in general and social work in particular†. Lagan et al (1992: 112-120) agreed with this statement by accentuating that the feminism had great influence on social work theories. Social work had contributed to help women to achieve political, economical, educational, legal and social rights. For example, Beloff (1976 referred in Thompson, N. 1997: 5) argues that the â€Å"legislation changes were part of women liberal programme of reform e.g. rights for divorce, Equal Pay Act 1970 , Sex Discrimination Act 1975†. The social work worked itself and worked with ‘feminist and liberal movements' to fight for ‘women's rights'. Although, the social work has adopted the ideas from ‘feminists' or other liberal movements but the social work can be distinguished from other movements. Initially, it worked with and for all groups and classes. Second, it developed rapidly and extensively in many areas of social issues such as children, disabled people, aged, ethnic minorities, poor and others. The women have developed and have gained rights with the help of social work. Social work has made and is making a useful contribution for women rights and for their development. Lagan et al (1992: 40) emphasis that the â€Å"Social work is mainly done by the Female Social workers and with the Female clients†¦. As being women, Social workers shared the common understanding and experiences, as very much like their clients†. That made the social work to approach most women in the society at all levels and to help eliminate women's social problems and raise issues which needed to be address to combat oppression and discrimination. We see the Western Women as ‘Modern', independent, intellectual, and strong. But it can be argued that the women are still at disadvantage in the society. Many national studies and statistics show that â€Å"Overall, women are disadvantaged in health, education, economy, politics, and employment and through out the system† (Carter, A. 1988: 77-112). However, we can not deny the fact that women have been victimized by the system and the society. Despite the social work practice and attempts for women's rights, â€Å"there are still gaps and work needs to be done in accordance to give women equal rights† (Surrinder, G.2003). It is true that media has blamed social work practice in the past and social workers are seen as government's representatives and according to Murphy (2003: 7) the Social workers are not very much liked by the general public. There are also issues regarding to social worker's practice e.g. practicing in ‘traditional' way due to personal prejudices, which has oppressed the clients and has stigmatized the social work itself. Thompson (1997: 11) emphasise that the â€Å"†¦social work practice which does not take account of oppression and discrimination can not be seen as ‘good practice†¦.†. The ‘bad practice' is portrayed through the media but the good practice is not awarded and neither praised by media. The social work constantly reviews the policies to encounter prejudices and emphasises high on anti-discriminatory practice. In conclusion, I agree with Hall et al (1992: 266) that the â€Å"Enlightenment' played a part in †¦abolition of prejudice and superstition†¦and has given freedom to man†. I would say that where the ‘Enlightenment' movements have played a vital role in the modern thinking and have given the initiative idea of the ‘Toleration and freedom', which now has taken a new shape of ‘equality and anti-discrimination' within a broader context. But at same time, the ‘Enlightenment' has indirectly contributed against women. Maybe it was due to ‘unintended consequences' (Johnson, I. 2003: 2), which were not identified, measured and recognised by the ‘Enlightenment' or may be ‘Enlightenment did not want to recognise it. As ‘Enlightenment' was a men dominated movement. It may have contributed to prejudice and discriminate women by not including and involving them at the very early stage of the ‘Enlightenment' movements. And that could be the cause that women's voice for their rights was an echo in the vacuum and was not heard till lately. Therefore, social work has worked extensively for women's rights but there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. My suggestion is that the social work should identify oppression and discrimination and combat it at personal levels first and then at institutional levels. This action should not only be taken by the professionals but all the individuals should get involved in it. Otherwise, just like the ‘Enlightenment': left the women behind, the individuals will be imperceptible and power will shift to the professionals who will take over. If it will happen then it may take us back to the early ‘Enlightenment' age, where only the ‘Enlightenment' educated, had the power and voice.

Sexual Harassment in Global Human Resource Management

â€Å"Sexual Harassment has been pointed out as the most increasing, widespread problem faced by women in the workforce (Kadue & Lindeman, 1997). † Therefore, I will write to you about what sexual harassment is and what constitutes it, where the United States and other countries stand on this issue (the global view), types of sexual harassment, how to identify it, major problems related to sexual harassment, disciplinary actions the offender may face, and affects sexual harassment may have on the victim. Sexual Harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors or other verbal or physical conduct that is of a sexual nature. â€Å"Women bring about 85 percent of all sexual harassment charges (Scarborough & Zimmerer, 2006). † â€Å"A recent study found that retaliation claims occur in 47 percent of sexual harassment cases (Scarborough & Zimmerer, 2006). Following are a few items that constitute sexual harassment: submitting to or rejecting conduct is an explicit or implicit term or condition of employment; submitting to or rejecting the conduct is a basis for employment decisions affecting the individual; the conduct unreasonably interferes with an individuals work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment (Fisher, Schoenfeldt, Shaw, 1999). In the past, the things that constituted sexual harassment were very vague. Due to this, when attorneys were in pursuit of their evidence, they had to be very aggressive. The behaviors associated with sexual harassment include threats or coercion which are linked to tangible job benefits and/ or those which involve unwanted gestures, unwanted touching or physical contact (Backstrom & McDonald, 2008). † Looking at sexual harassment globally, cultures differ in the type of behavior that is acceptable between the sexes and there seems to be considerable possibility of misunderstanding when employees of diverse cultures and genders meet in the workplace (Hardman, Heidelberg and Talbot, 1996). Behavior that Americans consider unacceptable is likely to occur in countries where the sexes are not equal under the law in society (Hardman et al. , 1996). † There are just a few countries that have laws against sexual harassment. â€Å"As of 1992, only Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the United States had regulations in place (Hardman et al. , 1996). † â€Å"One of the things mitigating the workplace a pproach to harassment in Germany was the structure of labor relations (Dobbin, 2006). â€Å"There the industrial relations system was collaborative rather than top-down, which meant that directives have to be worked out at the level of workplace Works Council (Dobbins, 2006). † In America’s legal system, companies banned flirting and office romance because they were concerned about the courts banning them. â€Å"The French saw excessive Puritanism in the American approach, and so French feminists first won a law with a limited definition of harassment as abuse of power by someone in an official capacity (Dobbins, 2006)†. France made a 2002 revision of the law that made sexual harassment equal to moral harassment and violence, but they didn’t do it by inheriting American ideas. France separated harassment from Puritanism and then connected it with other types of psychological violence. â€Å"Employees in Germany and Italy do not necessarily have to have cause to fire employees who engage in sexual harassment, even if employees violate company policy (Maatman, 2000). † â€Å"Employers who terminate harassers may be forced to pay them termination indemnities (Maatman, 2000). â€Å"In Spain and Thailand, labor law concepts based on termination indemnity provisions allow employees to terminate their employment relationships due to sexual harassment. In turn, termination indemnity laws require employers to pay employees substantial severance pay if the cause of their termination is sexual harassment (Maatman, 2000). † â€Å"Venezuelan law prohibits sexual harassment by virtue of enac tment of the Law on Violence against Women and Family. The new law establishes the crime of sexual harassment, as well as penalties for its violation (Maatman, 2000). The crime that someone might serve for sexual harassment is three to 12 months in prison. Also, the offender has to pay the victim double the amount of accumulative damage that caused the sexual harassment along with access to positions and promotions. Employers are held responsible for monetary penalties; individual supervisors could go to jail. â€Å"Executives are potentially liable, and the company may have to cover a harasser's costs (Maatman, 2000). † â€Å"The mandatory termination indemnity laws of many foreign countries–as well as the potential for steep fines and even jail terms for employees who cross he line–should give employers entering the international arena some pause. Businesses that establish offices overseas can face extensive liability exposure for ill-advised personnel decisi ons and unsound loss-control protocols (Maatman, 2000). â€Å"Sound implementation of personnel policies and practices aimed at combating sexual harassment can help minimize these risks. Proactive HR administration can preserve corporate reputation and brand image, enhance recruiting and retention of a competitive workforce and avoid violation of international sexual harassment laws (Maatman, 2000). To reduce incidents, companies should brief expatriates on regulations in regards to male and female behavior at work. When harassment takes place in an overseas establishment, it is less clear whose standards should apply – those of the host country or those of the home country (Hardman et al. , 1996). â€Å"If freedom from unwanted sexual advances or overtly discriminatory behavior is considered a universal human right, then firms should protect this right in their operations worldwide (Hardman et al. , 1996). † â€Å"U. S. ased corporations must be aware that their American employees have the statutory right to sue for this discrimination occurring throughout the world (Maatman, 2000). † â€Å"Applicants, workers and terminated employees who are U. S. citizens and are subjected to discriminatory practices anywhere in the world may file a discrimination charge against their U. S. employers (Maatman, 2000). † There is no easy answer to the problem of sexu al harassment and the misunderstanding that can occur across many different cultures. There are two types of sexual harassment that are recognized by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the courts (Philips, 1997). They are as follows: Quid Pro quo and hostile environment sexual harassment. Quid Pro quo (this for that) happens when an employee makes it clear to a manager or supervisor that his or her sexual demands are unwanted and as a result of that loses an economic benefit, such as employment, an increase in salary or employment. Only managers and supervisors, not coworkers, can engage in quid pro quo harassment (Scarborough & Zimmerer, 2006). A hostile environment sexual harassment is a sexual discrimination and the harassment must be harsh enough to alter the victim’s employment conditions and create an abusive work area. A hostile environment usually requires a pattern of offensive sexual behavior rather than a single, isolated remark or display (Scarborough & Zimmerer, 2006). â€Å"Most sexual harassment charges arise from claims of a hostile environment (Scarborough & Zimmerer, 2006). † â€Å"Some experts believe male-dominated workplaces are likely to be the most hostile to women (Zwettler, 1997). Management can enforce a policy against sexual harassment. This policy should first, clearly define what behaviors constitute sexual harassment, secondly, State in clear language that harassment will not be tolerated in the workplace, thirdly, identify the responsibilities of supervisors and employees in preventing harassment and lastly, spell out steps to take in reporting an incident of sexual harassment (S carbourough and Zimmerer, 2006). The effects of sexual harassment differ from person to person. It depends on how severe and how long the harassment went on. Victims of severe or chronic sexual harassment can suffer the same mental effects as someone who has been raped. Some of the health and psychological effects of sexual harassment are relocating to another city, another job, or another school, loss of career, absenteeism, and stress in relationships, decreasing work and school performance, guilt, headaches, feeling violated, eating disorders, having angry feelings towards the harasser and many more. In summary, some things you need to remember if you are being harassed is don’t quit your job, act quickly, get support from your coworkers, ridicule the harasser, use your union grievance procedures, notify the company, keep a diary, and find other victims (Moore & White, 1997). Preventing sexual harassment is the best solution, and the key to prevention is educating employees about what constitutes sexual harassment (Scarbourough and Zimmerer, 2006). Training programs are designed to raise employees’ awareness of what might be offensive to other workers and how to avoid sexual harassment altogether (Scarbourough and Zimmerer, 2006).

buy custom National Health Service essay

buy custom National Health Service essay The principle that distinguishes a national health service from all other forms of medical and health care delivery is that it is a delivery system accountable, through the body politic; to the population it serves. Introduction The preceding statement articulates the intent and focus of the British National Health Service (NHS). As we wend our way through the various health care systems in this paper, we should note that the NHS has historically been characterized as a health model for the entire worldve. At the same time, the NHS has been vilified for being underfinanced, overly centralized, and creating potentially life-threatening patient queues. Regardless of how the current system is assessed, the NHS, like all health care systems, emerged as the result of politically motivated interests as well as historically significant events. The National Health Service Act (England and Wales) of 1946 aimed to introduce a comprehensive health service designed to secure enhancement in the bodily and psychological wellbeing as well as the prevention, identification and treatment of the diseases or sickness. Before this, government responsibility (at local and national levels) for individuals health and welfare was much more limited. There was no centralized, co-ordinated set of health services as there is today. For instance, before the NHS, hospital services were provided by a patchwork of voluntary (charitable) foundations, municipal (local government-run0 hospitals, and private hospitals and clinics. The NHS, which began treating patients in July 1948, was a landmark in health policy in two important ways. First, it was a centralized and government-dominated style of policy-making, despite the power of the medical profession to shape and alter policies locally. This traditional pattern of uniformity and control of the NHS by the Department of Health in London is now giving way to less centralized approach- not least because of the introduction of devolved administrations in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. However, compared with health systems in North America and in most European countries, it remains a uniquely uniform and centralized health service. Second, the introduction of the NHS represented a landmark because it was among the most socialistic and radical policies in the post-1945 Labour governments welfare state programme. The NHS formed a central pillar in the welfare states ambition to provide equal care for everyone from the cradle to grave. However, the NHS not only represented fairness, equality and freedom from the worry of not being able to afford medical treatment, it also represented a turning point in policy about where the responsibility lay for peoples health and health care. Along with the benefits of a free National Health Service came the assumption that it was now primarily the states responsibiity to look after people and take responsibility for their health. Although health care in England can be traced to the development of hospitals in the tenth century,the National Health Service has its historical origins in the emergence of friendly societies during the nineteenth century. These societies are characterized as a natural growth of associations of persons, often earning their livelihood in a similar fashion, who paid money into a common fund for some form of insurance purpose. In addition to the friendly societies, the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 was intended to provide the poor and the sick with health care. As the industrial revolution progressed throughout the nineteenth century, rural populations were increasingly forced into urban centers. Because of this movement, the government became more concerned with public health issues such as sanitation. As a result, a central authority-a central board of health under the Privy council was established to address the increasing knowledge of disease patterns. In addition to ensuring universal coverage, the newly created NHS provided hospital treatment, freely available for the whole population and financed by insurance contributions Physicians, however, were less than enthusiastic about the NHS. As a result, concessions, such as allowing them to maintain private practice and not requiring them to become salaried civil servants, were included[4]. Organizationally, the NHS consisted of a tiered system of central administration, regional hospital boards, local health authorities and executive councils, and a tripartite of providers: hospital, community, and family practice services (5). The bill creating the NHS was passed in 1946, but it was not officially implemented until July 5, 1948. The NHS is an entitlement that ensures a number of rights to UK citizens. These rights include the following: To be registered with a general practitioner (GP) To be referred to as a consultant acceptable to him or her where the GP thinks it necessary; and To receive emergency medical care at any time. Originally, the NHS was divided into three major components under the auspices of the minister of health: regional hospital boards, local health authorities, and executive councils. As with all health care systems, the NHS continues to experience structural change. The first major reorganization of the system occurred in 1974 with the objective of increasing the efficiency of the service delivery. In the process, the three original components were to be replaced by a structure of complete integration combining all these sectors into one comprehensive organization. These reorgannization efforts resulted in the creation of regional health authorities (formerly the regional hospital boards) and area health authorities (formerly the local authorities). The executive councils remained but were put under the control of the Family Practitioner Committee that was directly responsible to the Department of Health and Social Services. Further reorganization of the NHS occurred throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 1982, the area health authorities (which were created in 1974) were eliminated. Concomitantly, private health care opportunities increased through the efforts of the conservative Thatcher government. By the mid-1980s, 10% of the population was covered by private insurance. The second change was a new management style. A 1983 document by Roy Griffiths, director of a supermarket chain, outlined a management structure for the NHS. This structure would incorporate general mangers at all levels of the NHS and reduce the role of doctors and nursing representatives in the decision-making process. The third change involved an increased private sector within the health care community. Growth in this sector has been limited but consistent with social class position. Interestingly, the movement toward a large role for the private sector has had the effect of solidifying the medical communitys support for the NHS. Perhaps most important is the impact the private sectors has had on the long-term care. Here, the private, and voluntary, sectors became the largest producers of institutional long stay care for the elderly by 1987. Conclusion As have been reflected above, there were several short term significance that the National Health Service brought to the people of United Kingdom. The paper has reflected on NHS having some significance on the lives of women, it led to an improved health for the nation, improved medical knowledge as well as treatment, the reorganization and restructuring of the healthcare system as well as the change in the role of government. The indicative started by the then secretary Aneurin Bevan was born in Manchester; many did not think that it was to be a huge success in terms of healthcare provision. Today, NHS stands out for its noble principles which uplift the presence of healthcare service being accessible to all people and financed entirely from taxation. Despite the major progress brought by NHS in the health sector, there are several challenges that have been met with one of them being that some people feel that NHS has not done enough, and that the budget allocation being allocated s hould not be the case. However, the majority feel that NHS achieved a great milestone in the short duration after its inception. Buy custom National Health Service essay

Monosyllable - Definition and Examples

Monosyllable s A monosyllable is a  word or an utterance of one syllable. Adjective: monosyllabic. Contrast with  polysyllable.   In linguistics, monosyllables are most commonly studied in the fields of phonology  and morphology. Unlike a lexical monosyllable (such as dog, run, or big), a grammatical (or functional) monosyllable (such as the definite article the) has no semantic content. Etymology:  From the Greek, one syllable Examples and Observations For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbors, and laugh at them in our turn?(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813)[M]any of the finest passages in our language are nearly, if not altogether, monosyllabic. Indeed, it could not well be otherwise, if it be true that, as Dean Swift has remarked, the English language is overstocked with monosyllables. . . . Floy has written a lengthy and very ingenious article, entirely in monosyllables, in which he undertakes, as he says, to prove that short words, in spite of the sneer in the text, need not creep, nor be dull, but that they give strength, and life, and fire to the verse of those who know how to use them.(Gleanings From the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science and Art: A Melange of Excerpta, Curious, Humorous, and Instructive, edited by Charles C. Bombaugh. T. Newton Kurtz, 1860) Small words can be crisp, brief, tersego to the point, like a knife. They have a charm all their own. They dance, twist, turn, sing. Like sparks in the night, they light the way for the eyes of those who read. They are the grace notes of prose. You know what they say the way you know a day is bright and fairat first sight. And you find, as you read, that you like the way they say it. Small words are gay. And they can catch large thoughts and hold them up for all to see, like rare stones in rings of gold, or joy in the eyes of a child. Some make you feel, as well as see: the cold deep dark of night, the hot salt sting of tears.(Joseph Ecclesine, Advice to Scientistsin Words of One Syllable. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 1965)Good friend, thou hast no cause to say so yet;But thou shalt have; and creep time neer so slow,Yet it shall come, for me to do thee good.I had a thing to say. But let it go.​(William Shakespeare, King John Act III, scene 3)And God said, Let t here be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good.(Genesis I) Lifes more than breath, and the quick round of bloodWe live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breathsWe should count time by heart-throbs. He most livesWho thinks mostfeels the noblestacts the best.Lifes but a means unto an end.(Philip James Bailey, Festus, 1839) The Lighter Side of Monosyllables Louisa Glasson:  Underneath the gruff,   monosyllabic, well-meaning but rude person, youre . . . gruff, monosyllabic, and, well, rude.Dr. Martin Ellingham:  What about well-meaning? ​(Caroline Catz and Martin Clunes, Erotomania.  Doc Martin, 2006) Pronunciation: MON-oh-sil-eh-bel

Orientation to Biblcal Studies Literature review

Orientation to Biblcal Studies - Literature review Example There is a sense of joy and effort hidden in finding something for ourselves. Thereby the modern academic study of scripture allows an individual a chance to engage with a religious text in a such way that one tends to develop a personal appropriation of the scripture. A systematic modern study of the scripture is pivotal because it happens to be the word of God and contains no fallacy or errors. An academic study of scripture is necessary to quintessentially realize the fact that God is there to take care of this universe and miracles can happen even today as they happened about 2000 years ago in Israel. It is really feasible to go through the scripture without understanding much of it. Even more easy it is to misinterpret the message inherent in the scripture or to interpret a word totally out of context. An academic study of the scripture helps one arrive at the actual and correct understanding of the text in it and places one’s decision to live by the word and to devote on e’s life to the study of scripture on a sound footing. A religious attending of the mass is not a sure way to receive the innate message of the scripture as there happens to be no preacher incapable of fallacy or not liable to make mistakes. Thereby a modern academic study of the scripture is a more eager and sincere way to receive the message in the scripture. ... However, to be able to accrue a firm judgment in these matters, it is imperative for a believer to personally engage in a systematic study of the scripture and to thoroughly imbibe its content. And when it comes to preachers and teachers who intend to disseminate the good news implicit in the scripture, it is a must for them to have a thorough grounding in the text, so that what they preach to others is immaculately faultless and in consonance with the true message in the scripture. Hence, the study of the scripture is an integral aspect of a believer’s life, and more so for the believers who intend to spread and convey the good news to others. In the contemporary times when it is feasible to engage in an academically sound study of the scripture, and considering the abundance of sources available on the scripture, it behoves any believer to engage in an academically systematic study of the scripture, even if it happens to be of the most basic or simple scope. A modern academi c study of the scripture helps one understand its importance and thereby encourages and motivates one to work hard in construing the message given in it. However, it goes without saying that there are also many pitfalls associated with an academic study of the scripture. One of the essential pitfalls in this context is that a scholar with ample erudition in the academic study of the scripture may lose contact with the actual spirit of the text and in self-conceitedness based on personal scholarship may end up believing the scripture to be a historical or literary text (Gooder 56). It is important to know the scripture, yet, it is even more important for a believer to know the Lord. Hence, while engaged in a systematic study of the scripture it is important for a student not