Sustainable road policy?

1. Introduction1.1.Definition and DescriptionTransport is a primary factor in environmental, social and economic development due to its association with aspects of accessibility levels, goods and people’s mobility. An investigation into the development of transport necessitates implementing a regular systematic efficient plan, which will look to improve the whole transportation system for the long term. Sustainable transport is strictly needed to change the quality of life for the better. Consequently, sustainable transport is considered to be founded upon a set of interrelated instructions which aims to improve people’s mobility based on the criteria of safety, social equality, minimum land use, recycling materials and lower impacts on the environment (Marks, 2002).1.2. Versions1.2.1 Green Highway VisionThe Highway Agency (HA) suggested the version 2030 project in 2003. The main objective of this project is to enhance the mobility of goods and people in the UK over t hirty years and to predict, estimate and meet what the mobility needs in the future by considering three scenarios: global economy, sustainable lifestyle, and control and plan. Twelve visions have been proposed from this process, each depending on the aforementioned scenarios with a particular vision behind each one. The Green Highway is one of these visions and indicates to an interactive future with progressed sustainable principles such as: constructing sustainable roads and operating maintenance through using resources efficiently; â€Å"Green† materials application; high use of waste product recycling; and the re-assessing of highway design codes, considering the implications of climate change. In addition to this, noise-impact reduction and keeping biodiversity are taken into account through using eco-environment designs (HA, 2003).1.2.2 Mobility VisionThe second is vision 2050 which was proposed by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development in 2010. This vi sion imagines the sustainable future in a wider scope and attributes a longer period to make governance and business sustainable. This will be achieved by following a pathway which requires essential changes in lifestyle and policy. This pathway is supported by nine elements that link the present and the sustainable future in 2050. For instance, Mobility vision aims to improve the access provision universally for the insurance of safety and low impact mobility in order to make the best sustainable economy. In this context, to make reductions of the high volume of transportation and the information and communication technologies (ICT) it will use. Vehicle efficiency has improved through using sophisticated new technology and the alternative energy source, such as electricity, resulting in a significant decrease in the adverse impacts on the environment. Moreover, the intelligent transportation system (ITS) provides active enforcement and comprehensive mobility management which leads to safety improvement (WBCSD, 2009).1.2.3 Vision TwoThese visions relate to walking and cycling in the UK in 2030. It aims to introduce cycling and walking as an eco-friendly mode for getting rid of the current negative transportation impacts by considering three sustainable visions. This also looks at the future through the concept of social building, by concentrating on five locations in the UK to imagine these impacts on a typical city. For example, a car-free, public transport oriented future encourages the use of mass transport, walking and cycling, meaning a lower volume of cars which is the main mode currently used. The significant factors that share in this vision are exploitation sophisticated technology for cars design, electric cycles, improving walking path and bicycle lanes, and small electric modes for freightage goods. These will make a city have improved sociability, a high level of safety, reduce pollution and noise due to transport, and generate high accessibility (Tight et al., 2011). 2. Discussion2.1. Addressing Sustainability Dimensions2.1.1 Green Highway VisionUndoubtedly, there are three important dimensions that should be concurrently taken into consideration within implementing any sustainable future transport system: environment, social, and economic (Transport Policy Advisory Services, 2010). The Green Highway vision considered the creation of sustainable environments through reducing noise nuisance, keeping biodiversity, recycling and using resources effectively. However there are other environmental aspects, such as land use and air pollution, which are not presented and impact on health more than noise. The social sustainable is presented in this vision but without clarifying how it will improve the transport sector and reduce its impacts on environment or cause an improvement in the community (Colantonio, 2007). Furthermore, the life quality enhancement results from the social sustainability (Polese and Stren, 2005). Moreover the lifestyle scenario enc ourages local communities to work together to achieve sustainability for life and to enhance life quality through improved technologies and lifestyle dependence that will reduce energy use and reliance on cars. The people’s tendency to choose sustainable areas to work and live is encouraged by taking land use plan into consideration (HA, 2003). Also the concept of road construction and maintenance operations with new advanced technique are viewed without indicating to its economic dimension. As well as these processes of road infrastructure, enhancements will promote the economy through revenues from tolls and taxes (Marks, 2002).2.1.2. Mobility VisionComprehensively depending on the exploitation of advanced technology is the main principle of the mobility vision practicability. The environmental sustainable dimension is favourably addressed in this vision through implementing different measures, such as: reducing environment impacts; road congestion; accidents in terms of (n umber and cost). This will lead to a decrease in greenhouse gases and improving traffic by applying Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Furthermore, the economic sustainable dimension is directly addressed through a concern with active transport accessibility which can enhance people’s mobility. This also includes goods freightage, inventing new vehicles, efficient alternative fuels, such as biofuels, high-efficient fuel aircraft, providing interactive transport infrastructure and new transportation means. Overall, this vision vastly considers most economic aspects. However, because of the high cost of biofuel production due to its dependence on feedstock, such as sugarcane, ethanol can be better for use in a commercial viability (Kojima and Johnson, 2006). However, new transport costs are considered as an important target in the transport sustainability, but it is not obviously addressed (Schwaab and Thielmann, 2001). The social sustainable dimension is also addressed in this vision: through the provision of equal mobility for all; safer road networks and decreasing accident numbers close to zero (zero vision); cooperation between transportation companies with other relevant agencies; incorporation of the socio-economic environment with â€Å"integration transport system† (ITS) (WBCSD, 2009). However, the usefulness of non-motorised modes, such as cycling and walking, that improve social community and the environment are not mentioned (Tight et al., 2011). The poor class contribution is also not addressed in this vision, which is considered a key element in the social sustainability dimension. The vision addressed the environmental sustainable dimension through the efforts to reduce noise and greenhouse gases. This was achieved through the use of sophisticated transportation technology such as alternative electrical energy vehicles and â€Å"superior aerodynamic† vehicle quality improvement. However, the addressing of biodiversity and land use impacts are neglected. Nevertheless, the manufacture process of electric cars can also impact adversely on the environment due to the fact that the battery is constructed from harmful materials and uses fossil fuels for its power (Anair and Mahmassani, 2012). According to Calle et al. (2012) the use of biofuels can impact negatively on the environment because it increases greenhouse emissions in other ways, such as non-carbon aircraft emissions and the feedstock production process. Furthermore, this could lead to a potential increase in the price of foodstuffs due to this process using a greater amount of land to produce bioje tfuel (Tietenberg, 2000). 2.1.3. Vision Two This vision for walking and cycling concentrated on urban areas. The economic dimension is clearly addressed so that it considers the enhancement of mobility through improving mass transport, increasing freightage transport efficiency, and constructing separate routes for both bicycles and pedestrians. This also includes supporting and encouraging commercial markets to provide pedestrian electronic tools, and electric-powered bikes and vans. Despite the benefit to human’s health and fitness, walking and cycling causes a significant reduction in travel and congestion costs which leads to an increase in productivity by reducing wastage time. Additionally, a massive reduction in road accident costs can be noticed by allocating dedicated routes for pedestrian and bicycles, based on a reduction in conflict points between bicycles, pedestrians and cars; each conflict point is responsible of the occurrence of a crash in any time and, thus, economic improvement (BCBC, 2009). Social sustainability is vastly addressed in this vision. These will be achieved by applying the equality principle, social consolidation enhancement, public health promotion, and providing high social insurance within that future city which is espoused by this vision. However, it provides the typical social environment inclusion of required needs such as a higher socialised, better communicated, polite and cooperative people which is associated with highest safety levels and health quality. This also suggests roads which have lower car use, dedicate more space for children, and supply all required facilities for walking and cycling. In addition to this is the use of advanced technology in traffic systems, such as automatic vehicle speed reduction system (Tight et al., 2011). This vision addresses the environment dimension by making a reduction in air pollution which leads to a reduction in CO2 emission as well as less transportation noise due to low car use and a greater dependence on walking and cycling. This also includes less land use, the use of eco-friendly cars and imposing strong car use restrictions. As well as this, the walking and cycling and other non-motorized modes are defined as environmental modes due to their compatibility with clean air and that they generate no noise pollution (COUNCIL, 2007).2.2. Transport problems Area2.2.1. Developing CountriesAccording to Gwilliam (2003), developing countries differ from developed countries with respect to of transportation. These differences are characterised by faster population growth, fast urban growth, car ownership, traffic congestion, environmental problems, and road accident and security issues. Movement problems added to the lack of road network quality and traffic management make it very d ifficult to compare and examine. The Green Highway and Vision Two for walking and cycling were placed to the UK situation to address the majority of the above-mentioned issues with a high efficiency, although it cannot be applied in the developing countries with the same efficiency. However, the â€Å"holistic approach [to] improving overall transport† has appeared as a global vision and can address the mobility of urban areas in developing countries. In this vision, the cities are categorized to four kinds, for instance, for addressing finance issues it suggests the participating of both private and public sectors.2.2.2 Climate ChangeThe greenhouse emissions which are from transportation sectors are estimated about 24% globally, and it will increase 2.1% annually (Wright and Fulton, 2005). The CO2 emission was separately estimated to be about 22% in 2012 and was recognized as a main cause of climate change (IEA, 2012). However, addressing climate change can be seen in all th ree visions in different approaches, but vision two is the more effective because of its preference of the non-motorised modes such as walking, cycling and using eco-friendly mass transportation modes. The Green Highway vision aims to adopt the highway design code with the impacts of climate change instead of carbon cutting. Furthermore, the Mobility vision tends to reduce future greenhouse gas emission depending on the technology use with the presence of all transport modes.2.2.3. Equity, social impacts and inclusionThe equity is considered to be a significant aspect due to its extensive influence by any transportation planning decision. However, it can be more effectively addressed through vision two, rather than other visions, because it is focused on increasing the concept of social sustainability (BCDC, 2009). Moreover, public transport accessibility, cycling and walking is crucial to make society more active, but in the mobility vision the economic improvement is taken into co nsideration depending on the sophisticated transportation mode technology. In addition to this, the equity improvement can be achieved by providing equal mobility.2.2.4. Resource use, waste and global pollutionResource use is a potential option in vision two through low car use as well as greater dependence on walking and cycling. In turn this makes a significant reduction in the consumption and use of resources, such as car manufacturing or backup materials, and this leads to the reduction of waste resulting from scrap. However, the Green Highway vision addresses this issue through the high efficiency resources consumption and full attention to recycling concept application. Moreover, the Mobility vision encourages aircrafts and vehicles markets to depend on alternative fuel and observe that this may lead to an increase in resource consumption, such as compound materials which are used in the aircraft manufacturing. However, the potential for recycling carbon fibre has been was fo und (Job, 2010). Conversely, other modes need mass use of resources as well as the technological advancement, and ultimately, global pollution is inevitable.2.2.5. BiodiversityThe Green Highway vision concerns the addressing of biodiversity conservation through constructing of wild movement green bridges and tunnels, and water ponds. However, the Mobility vision has an adverse impact on biodiversity due to its dependence on using the largest land area to provide biojetfuel as an alternative future energy (Kojima and Johnson, 2006). Furthermore, biodiversity has not been influenced by the vision two for concentration on improving road network infrastructure in urban areas.2.2.6. Energy SecurityAccording to DECC (2012), the transport sector contributed about 38% of total energy consumption in 2011. The Green Highway vision can impact positively in the reduction of energy consumption to some extent through focusing on road infrastructure improvement and implementing recycling materials interns to reduce energy consumption by implementing recycling and minimizing the road distance. However, in the Mobility vision, the energy security is addressed efficiently by introducing alternative fuels such as biofuel to replace fossil fuel which leads to energy security effectively (Kojima and Johnson, 2006). In the scope of foodstuffs and climate change, decreasing it seems not compatible and the increasing desire and the biofuel’s wide spread will pose a risk to food security and climate change (Field et al., 2008). Additionally, in vision two the focus on walking and cycling as well as lower car use plays a significant role in energy security; moreover, the aircraft and electric bicycle manufacturing require energy.2.2.7. SafetySafety is an issue that is directly related to public life. However, this issue has not been considered in the Green Highway vision. Nevertheless, the safety is addressed in vision two through the use of alternative biofuels which are charac terised by low carbon emission as well as zero vision which address safety through reducing the accidents number to close to zero. Furthermore, safety is addressed more efficiently through the use of technology that reduces vehicle speed automatically and allocates segregated lanes for pedestrians and cyclists.2.2.8. Landscape and heritageThe Green Highway vision damages landscape and heritage because of their adversely influence on the transportation infrastructure improvement process (Seiler, 2001). Though, in the Mobility vision the largest land use is to provide the requiring energy and may adversely impact the landscape. However, in vision two, improving the transportation infrastructure is based on the existing reality; therefore it does not impact on the landscape.2.2.9. NoiseThe Green Highway vision addresses noise through the use of noise barriers and a defeatist road surface. However, the Mobility vision addresses noise reduction through the use electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and aircraft with superior aerodynamics deployment. Furthermore, vision two contributes to the reduction of noise through low car use, walking and cycling and using electric modes.2.2.10. Air pollutionThe Green Highway vision addresses air pollution to some degree, but not directly. However, the Mobility vision addresses this issue interactively through low carbon emission from transportation, using electric vehicles, hybrids, eco-friendly ships and aircrafts. In addition to this, it is significantly addressed by vision two through low car use, depending on walking and cycling.2.2.11. Severance and pedestrian issuesThe Green Highway vision does not address severance and pedestrian safety. However, there is full attention given to public safety in the Mobility vision through pollution reduction and low carbon mobility. Moreover, vision two addresses this issue more effectively through improving pedestrian and cyclist’s mobility by allocating separate lanes for their m ovement and low car use.2.3. Feasibility, global transportation issues, barriers2.3.1. Green Highway VisionUndoubtedly, the Green Highway vision introduces an eco-design to be applied to enhance the transportation infrastructure, but it is not active to the high degree of addressing all sustainable dimensions. Good road quality brings more car use which causes environment deterioration. However, the role of advanced technology in the road performance improvement is also not considered in this vision. For example, using connected vehicles which provide the driver with all information about weather, traffic volume, road, and alerting in case the existence of problems as well as electric priority lane that charges moving vehicles automatically (Krick, 2011). In addition to this, a number of Green Highway projects with additional principles to the environmental aspect are applied in some countries such as Sweden and Norway. Consequently, until 2030 the effectiveness of this vision will expire and will not be feasible.2.3.2 Mobility VisionDue to the presence of some features, this vision seems infeasible. However, it relies on incorporating advanced technology in transportation modes which causes a significant reduction in greenhouse emissions and requires a multi-energy source to improve the environment dimension. Moreover, the encouraging travel, car ownership, results in urbanisation, increasing congestion, increasing resource consumption and land take. Furthermore, greater battery energy consumption results in pollution in the stations and reduces the importance of eco-friendly car use. Nevertheless, technology is considered as a barrier in front of relevant authorities to decide on other dimensions (Banister, 2005). However biofuel seems inefficient due to its expected adverse impacts on the security of food and the hydrogen energy cost is estimated to be four times as much as current fuel (ibid, 2005). Albeit, due to dealing with sustainability dimensions lo psidedly as well as developing countries drawbacks in terms of their understanding and point of view towards sustainability concept countries issues, this shows unfeasibility of the vision.2.3.3. Vision TwoThere is an intensive relationship between urban transportation and its impacts on the environment due to it being directly related to life quality. The main target of vision two is life quality improvement through car use avoidance, in contrast to walking and cycling prominent. Currently, the car is a common travel mode, and the average distance travelled in a car has risen by 75% between 1980 and 2008 (DfT, 2009). Accordingly, to achieve a reduction in car use is very difficult and there are a lot of barriers because it relates to the citizens’ freedoms. Therefore it is not easy to accept and to digest such a step and to give-up car ownership. However, the contradiction and non-cooperation between the institutions related to the case and difficulties in legal measures ap plication would be another significant barrier (Banister, 2005). Moreover, causing scandalous damage to car manufacture would only serve to increase the rate of people without jobs as well as the walking and cycling leads to space strictures, and cities extension because of long distance and the lack of network quality, with harsh weather. Even though there is potential to dispose of these barriers by using technological means and strictly roads policies applying, this vision seems more efficient and applicable than others; foregoing the drawbacks, due to its compatibility to improve the tree mentioned sustainability dimensions in cities and towns. References Anair, D., & Mahmassani, A. (2012) State of charge: electric vehicles’ global warming emissions and fuel-cost savings across the United States. Union of Concerned Scientists Report. [Online] www. ucsusa. org/assets/ documents/clean_vehicles/electric-carglobal-warming-emissions-report. pdf. [Accessed November 22nd 2013] Banister, D. (2005) Unsustainable transport: City transport in the new century. Oxfordshire: Routledge publication. BCBC (2009) Walking and Cycling Strategy. Borough:Bridgend County Borough Council. [online] www. Bridgend.gov.uk [Accessed November 29th 2013]. Calle, F. R. Teelucksingh, S. Thran, D. and Seiffert, M. (2012)The potential and role of biofuels in commercial air transport-biojetfuel. London: Imperial College London IEA Bioenergy. [online] www.bioenergytrade.org/†¦/T40-Biojetfuel-Report-Sept2012.pdf [Accessed November 27th 2013]. Colantonio, A. (2007) Social Sustainability: An Exploratory Analysis of its Definition, Assessment. Methods, Metrics and Tools Measuring Social Sustainability: Best Practice from Urban Renewal in the EU. 2007/01: EIBURS Working Paper Series. Oxford Brookes University. [online] oisd.brookes.ac.uk/sustainable†¦/Social Sustainability_Metrics_and_T†¦ [Accessed November 26th 2013]. COUNCIL, P. D. (2007) Walking and Cycling Strategy. [online] http://www.hume.vic.gov.au/files/82cb922e-849b-432b-b4d1-9e0e00afba15/CW225WalkingandCyclingStrategy.pdf [Accessed November 26th 2013] DECC (2012) Overall energy consumption in the UK since 1970. Department of Energy and Climate Change. URN Publication: 12D/289. [online] www.decc.gov.uk/†¦/decc/†¦/energy-consumption/2324-overall-ener [Accessed November 26th 2013]. DfT (2009) Transport trends. London: Department for Transport. [online] http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100406130654/dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/trends/current/ [Accessed November 24th 2013]. Field, C. B. Campbell, E. and Lobell, D. B. (2008) Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 23, Issue 2, 65-72. [online] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534708000098 [Accessed November 30th 2012]. Gwilliam, K. (2003) Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. [online] http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [Accessed November 20th 2013] HA (2003) Vision 2030 – Final report: An investigation into the long-term challenges and opportunities for the UK’s strategic highway network. Highways agency. WSP Civils. [online] Ltd.http://www.transportvisions.org.uk/documents/documents.htm [Accessed December 5th 2013]. IEA Statistics (2012) CO2 emissions from fuel consumption: Highlights. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2011 Edition. [online] www.iea.org/†¦/CO2emissionfromfuelcombustionHIGHLIGHTS.pdf [Accessed December 2nd 2012]. Job, S. (2010) Composite recycling: summary of recent research and development. Materials KTN Reports. [online] www.compositesuk.co.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=LXN†¦ [Accessed December 4th2012]. Kirk, B., & Eng, P. (2011) Connected vehicles: an executive overview of the status and trends. Globis Consulting, November, 21. 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[online] lnweb90.worldbank.org/†¦/Economic_Instruments_for_Sustainable_†¦[Accessed December 2nd 2013]. Seiler, A. (2001) Ecological effects of roads: A review. Riddarhyttan: University of Agricultural Sciences, S-73091. [online] idd00s4z.eresmas.net/doc/transp/ecoeffectsonroads.pdf [Accessed December 2rd December 2013]. Tietenberg, T. H., & Lewis, L. (2000) Environmental and natural resource economics (pp. 86-98). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [online] http://www.dandelon.com/servlet/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/AT00182C23C6746888AE0C12570840044C6CE.pdf Tight, M. Timms, P. Banister, D. Bowmaker, J. Copas, J. Day, A. Drinkwater, D. Givoni, M. Guhnemann, A. Lawler, M. Macmillen, J. Miles, A. Moore, N. Newton, R. Ngoduy, D. Ormerod, M. O’Sullivan, M. Watling, D. (2011). Visions for a walking and cycling focussed urban transport system. Journal of Transport Geography 19, 1580–1589. 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Graffiti Art Essay

In the late 1960s’s, another art genre was recognized and developed although its lack of form and other basic aesthetic elements has been once a topic of debates as regard its acceptance in the artistic world. Obviously, it differs from the works of art found in museums and galleries and its kind are not found in those elite locations because its location is specific. The location of graffiti art has been actually a subject of oppositions as well as its bold, unexpected and unconventional presentation. Although still, its location, may it be illegal, does not disqualify it as art. Thus, graffiti art is a form of art despite criticisms on its legality, coherence and presentation. It is also argued that graffiti art is a form of vandalism, but this is true only if they appeared on private or public property without permission. Graffiti art is indeed another genre of visual masterpiece. Graffiti comes from â€Å"grafficar†, an Italian word for drawings, markings, patterns, scribbles, or messages that are painted, written, or carved on a wall or surface. Graffiti is the plural of grafficar. Grafficar also signifies a process meaning â€Å"to scratch†. Examples of which are different wall writings ranging from â€Å"cave paintings†, bathroom scribbles, or any message that is scratched on walls. In the ancient Egypt and Rome, in particular, graffiti has been visible in monuments and building walls which are now being explored. It is originally used to term inscriptions, figure drawings, and other carvings found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins. Examples are the Catacombs, or those found at Pompeii. (Whitford, 1992. pp. 137) In the modern era, present day graffiti is also associated to any unsolicited markings on a private or public property, usually considered to be vandalism. In the early 1970s young New Yorkers has started to adopt tags, signatures and signs using aerosol sprays and markers in public places. The youngsters, belonging to the black and Puerto Rican communities have initiated the tagging which eventually developed and soon covered the city’s walls, buses and obviously in subway trains. Tags even cover the entire train. Some may contain screen names or reflections of the writer, comes in subtle and often cryptic messages. Taki, an artist of Greek-American descent, was the first modern identified tagger in New York. He signed himself Taki 183, the number probably derived from the number in his apartment block. Some names also made their appearances in some real urban murals painted with spray-paint. Tags such as Futura 2000, Dust and Pink gained fame and recognition in the world of hip-hops. There were also Basquiat and Haring who also started to work in the street and the subway but their works swiftly spread beyond the works of graffiti. Their works attracted the attention of influential dealers which put them in great demand although their works were considered one of the rare forms of graffiti art. (Graffiti†¦ 2007, p. 1) Tagging and graffiti differs from each other although arguments about this difference still arise. Tagging is associated negatively as gang-motivated and illegal because it is usually meant as vandalism. It is also viewed as too vulgar or controversial to have public value. On the other hand, graffiti can be viewed as creative expression, not to mention its usual link to politics. Main Types of Graffiti Art The main types of graffiti fall into different categories and have their own names which are recognized in cities all over the world. First is â€Å"Hip Hop Graffiti†. This is characterized by ‘pieces’ which hip hop graffitists create by aerosol spray paints. They are large and colorful works, usually including either a complex mix of letters or a cartoon-style picture. This type of graffiti often lacks much thought and planning in design and usually takes an extended period of time. Second is the â€Å"Opportunistic Graffiti† which location is selected impulsively, on the basis of low risk and low natural surveillance. Graffitists of this type usually use â€Å"tags† or â€Å"scrawling† to mark their territory. Third type is the â€Å"Gang Graffiti†. Gang graffiti is not art work but a sophisticated communication to publicize gang power, status, and territory. This type is somehow related to opportunistic graffitists because they also use â€Å"tags† or â€Å"scrawling† to mark territory. But in addition to this, gangs use graffiti to create notoriety or show off their defiance of the law and society, and as a mode of marking their presence. The fourth, the â€Å"Political & Social Graffiti† is obviously of racial or political motivation. This is uncommonly regarded as part of the graffiti subculture, although it is recognized as damaging to property. The last type is the â€Å"Commercial Graffiti† which is an emerging civic problem. This involves huge compensations paid by private organizations to graffitists to spray advertising logos onto walkways and buildings for promotions of their products. This type is an illegal form of advertising that avoids normal planning laws. (Stowers 1997, pp. 1-2) Gang Graffiti: The Most Dangerous Graffiti The gang graffiti is the most controversial not just because of the characters of its writings but because of its social impact in the neighborhood. Gang graffiti is an indication of gang presence in the community. Gangs use graffiti as their â€Å"newspapers,† thus they usually call it â€Å"newspaper in the wall† as gangs use them to send messages. This is their way of marking boundaries and warning rival gangs. Graffiti may also be an instrument to advertise drug market or, as a memorial to a killed gang member. Symbols and cryptic writing style is exclusive in each gang. Death warrants and beat downs are known to be posted in graffiti. Upside down or crossed out graffiti generally means a put down or threat to a rival gang or person. (Bland and Read 2000) According to Michael Carlie (2002), graffiti is the most common method of gang communication and a major symbolism of their gang affiliation. Jonathan Kellerman (1994) as cited by Carlie referred to graffiti as â€Å"the hieroglyphics of rage† because of the violence associated with it. On the surface, a person who is not familiar with it might think of graffiti as a simple nonsense painting on the wall or in poles or elsewhere, or just a plain vandal. Carlie adds that among other things, graffiti communicates the â€Å"role call† or the roster of gang members, or the hierarchy of gang members. It also implies who’s around, who’s with who, who’s disrespecting who, which gangs are claiming what territory and which areas are in dispute. It may be an announcement of current gang activities and who’s getting ready to attack who, or who’s already been killed. A familiar language, for example, is the â€Å"X† which if marked on a member’s name means he is the likely target for an attack or murder. (Carlie 2002, pp. 2) An important not on gang graffiti is, in many ways, it is a code and codes in general are subjects to analysis. Deciphering gang graffiti requires the understanding of the symbols, abbreviations, structure, that composes the gang language. In the United States, gang graffiti is usually based on two dominant styles – the L. A. and Chicago styles – which vary greatly and influence to some degree across the country. Some gangs use an exclusive style while others use a combination. For example, the Gangster Disciples originated in south-side of Chicago might combine L. A. style gang lettering with Chicago Folks Nation symbols. In New York, Latin Kings might use Chicago Latin King symbols but with New York tagger style graffiti lettering. (Graffiti†¦ 2010) These styles and some of the variations are seen throughout the country and a person who understands both styles is more likely to understand most, if not all, gang graffiti. Characters of gang related graffiti has sharp, angular stick letters, or mostly contains religious, even â€Å"satanic† imagery, or is done in one color of paint. Most of the times they are very simple and flat-out which make them easy to figure out. But no matter how simple they appear, it still requires some basic code-breaking skills. (Deciphering Gang†¦2010. p. 1) Figure 1: â€Å"WS 18 St, HGS† – West Side Eighteenth Street (gang), Hoover Gangsters (a clique of 18th Street) Two-digit numbers, especially â€Å"13? , â€Å"14? , or â€Å"18? , signifies graffiti for a hispanic gang while three digits, especially if they are the area code of your neighborhood, it’s almost certainly not a hispanic gang, but a typical prison or street sort. Exception to this is numbers followed by â€Å"K† which means a threat from a rival gang. â€Å"WS18? (figure 1) is a tag for the (hispanic) West Side 18th Street gang out of California. â€Å"WS18K† means a threat towards 18th Street by a local gang. Note that â€Å"K† is short for â€Å"Kill†. If there are two digits, see if they’re prefixed by â€Å"N†, â€Å"S†, â€Å"E†, or â€Å"W† – (or â€Å"NS†, â€Å"SS†, â€Å"ES†, or â€Å"WS†) – which relate to the cardinal directions, and form part of the gang’s identity. Hispanic gangs more often use 13 and 14 – the 13th letter of the alphabet is â€Å"M†, which generally stands for â€Å"Mexico† or â€Å"La Eme†, the Mexican Mafia and the 14th letter â€Å"N† generally means â€Å"North† that symbolizes which end of California the gang originated from. It is a division as gangstas from the north and south parts of California frequently clash. Figure 2: â€Å"Lil Capone WS VSLC, crossed out BK, Crossed out PBGK† – Lil Capone (name of gang member) West Side Venice Shoreline Crips, Blood Killer, Playboy Gangster Killer (disrespect to rival gangs) Certain patterns appear without the numbers. As always, â€Å"K† is a threat to â€Å"(K)ill†, as are any crossed-out letters. â€Å"A† as in â€Å"Almighty† â€Å"N†, that virtually stands for â€Å"Nation† can be safely ignored. When seen together, which usually occurs, it show up that the gangs used to calling themselves the Almighty Whatever Nation. Figure 3: â€Å"GD around Star of David with number six inside the star, pitchfork extending from the D† – Gangsters Disciples with six point star representing GDs and Folks. Pitchford represents GD’s and Folks Gangs which are known in the country carry a finite code which makes them easy to identify. â€Å"GD† is the Gangster Disciples and â€Å"VL† are the Vice Lords. â€Å"LK† are the Latin Kings, and â€Å"LQ† the Latin Queens; sometimes when they’re getting along, they’re the LKQ – Latin Kings and Queens. Crossed-out letters in gang graffiti usually mean a threat. Letters â€Å"B†, â€Å"C†, â€Å"F†, â€Å"P†, or â€Å"S† crossed-out in a piece of gang graffiti, it signifies a threat towards a gang whose name, â€Å"nation†, or nickname begins with that crossed out letter. In the Vice Lord tag, the letter â€Å"C† is not crossed out which tells you the local Vice Lords don’t have complaints with the (C)rips. Gangs should write very carefully because all too often, little slights in graffiti like crossing out letters, or painting over rival gangs’ tags, are a sure warning sign of impending gang war. Figure 4: â€Å"CVLN† – Conservative Vice Lords Nation. Cane extending from the â€Å"L† is a CVL symbol. Upside down pitchfork shows disrespect towards Fold Nation gangs. Knowledge in deciphering gang graffiti introduced you to a neighborhood of gangs. In (figure 4) the â€Å"C† is short for â€Å"Conservative†. The â€Å"Conservative Vice Lords† are one of several dozen larger Vice Lord â€Å"sets† around United States. Some communities have taken a massive campaign against graffiti and also intensifies gang reduction. In Florida, the Florida Department of Corrections website posts information to help educate the public in reducing gang activities, which imposes threat to the community. Some gangs, the website says, even use graffiti as ‘Death warrants’ to authorities specifically to police officers. Community awareness program in most part of America uses the 4 R’s of graffiti to intensify campaign against gangs and gang graffiti. The slogan says, â€Å"READ IT, RECORD IT, REPORT IT & REMOVE IT†. (Deciphering Gang†¦2010, p. 1) Thus, citizens should read it and report it to police, and police will record it and then remove it. These steps are important but the removal of the graffiti is the most risky. Removal of graffiti manifests the neighborhood’s refusal to be dominated or intimidated by gangs which is a language most gang members understand. Neighborhood residents who ignore graffiti and bother not to remove them are viewed as frightened and weak by the gangs who made them. At the worst, there are instances that gang members attack people who attempt to remove or cover their graffiti. Gang graffiti is the most dangerous of all graffiti and can usually be found around community rail stations. It marks territory and rival gangs usually challenge for territory by crossing out another gang’s graffiti. It imposes real and great danger to the residents. Messages in graffiti are taken seriously by gangsters and the longer graffiti is, the greater the risk that the threats will be acted on. Graffiti is a gateway crime and membership in gangs certainly guarantees a criminal record. Since juvenile of minor age receives more lenience when it comes to punishment, the minors are the usual target of recruitment and the doer of crimes. Residents Against Graffiti Everywhere (RAGE) is a community group that looks at social issues and works with local councils and Governments towards promoting a zero tolerance policy on graffiti. (Bland and Read 2000, p. 179) By legal definition, graffiti is vandalism. It is the unauthorized application of markings on someone else’s property, especially without permission. Therefore, legality wise it is a crime. The manner that graffiti is regularly produced as illegal detracts it from the concept to be considered an art form. Very unfortunately that graffiti is responded with outrage over the abuse of someone’s property. This negative connotation may take away the value or impact of the artist’s original message. Perhaps, it would be better to get permission from the owner of the â€Å"canvas† to display the art. Yet, graffiti still elicits emotional response even in its illegal state. Furthermore, it is composed of lines, shapes, color, tones, and forms in a display that conveys a certain message and elicits an emotion. Therefore, it is safe to say that graffiti is indeed an art. As George Stowers (1997) presented four criteria as basis that some forms of graffiti become a work of art. First, the artist’s intention to produce a work of art separates graffiti art from everyday graffiti markings. Second, graffiti art established a history of development in style and technique. Third, the art world has already recognized graffiti as an art form. Fourth is the public response to graffiti art indicates that it is art. Regardless of the message it conveys, the fact that graffiti carry the aesthetic and creative symbolism and expression, public agrees that graffiti is a form of art. Like other art forms, graffiti art is a definite art when both the artist and the audience agree on the works ability to provide maximal aesthetic satisfaction. Graffiti is presently known as spray can art which is a form indeed recognized as art. It has form, color, and other base properties as any other art pieces. It also has as an arrangement of these elements into structures that qualify it aesthetically as being art. However, something that is done with spray paint might make it graffiti, but not necessarily qualify as art or graffiti art. Location and presentation still are the factors that hinder the general acceptance of graffiti art. However, the instances that the art world’s acceptance of graffiti art shows that conventional methods of presentation are not all that matters in determining graffiti as an art. Graffiti in the form of spray can art is art like any other work that might be found in a gallery or a museum. References Bland, N. & Read, T. (2000). Policing Anti-social Behaviour. Police Research Series 123, Policing and Reducing Crime, British Home Office, London, UK. Carlie, Michael. (2002) Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers. (Into the Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs) Retrieved 23 May 2010 from . Deciphering Gang Graffiti (2008). The Slugsite. com. Retrieved 23 May 2010 from . Graffiti. (2007) The Huntfor. com retrieved 23 May 2010 from .

Census And Dating Prospects In California Assignment

Census And Dating Prospects In California - Assignment Example Women interested in identifying dating opportunities need not worry because there are men out there who are more fertile and readily available. Another important aspect in determining dating prospect from the findings of United States’ Census Bureau was the type of households in California. Families with fathers as the only parent are fewer than those that are headed by single mothers. Female-headed households accounted for 25% while families with males as the single parent in the household recorded 9%. It is advisable for men to stop worrying about women to date because the older population consists of an increased number of women who have opted out of relationships. Jerry McCain thought about moving to a college in the neighboring state, Arizona, to try his luck in finding a lady to settle down with on January 28, 2014. He will settle with his cousin Martin before finding a part-time job to sustain his marital needs and fund his wedding plans. Typically, this is not bad for a high school graduate. Compared with the reports from the estimates of American Community Survey, Arizona, with a favorable male to female ratio of 2:1, is a better hunting ground for female partners. Figures for the current year (2014) have not been released to determine the changes in proportions between the male and female populations. On a different perspective, dating prospects in California can be determined by the variations in the male and female populations in different ethnic groups. It is easy to date African American and Latino or Hispanic ladies and men between 15 and 19 years as compared to white alone, not Latino or Hispanic. For example, data recorder indicated that there are many Latino or Hispanic males and females in learning institutions for the active dating age group of 15 to 19 years. They account for 40% of the total number of school enrollments.

Ethics and Corruption in Law Eforcement Research Paper

Ethics and Corruption in Law Eforcement - Research Paper Example According to a 1998 report by the General Accounting Office, â€Å"...several studies and investigations of drug-related police corruption found on-duty police officers engaged in serious criminal activities, such as conducting unconstitutional searches and seizures; stealing money and/or drugs from drug dealers; selling stolen drugs; protecting drug operations; providing false testimony; and submitting false crime reports† (General Accounting Office, 1998: 8). Of those law-enforcement officials convicted of various corruption offenses resulting from FBI led investigations between 1993 and 1997, about half were for drug-related offenses. More than 100 drug-related cases involving police officers are prosecuted nationwide every year. Another of the indications of the widespread problem of corrupt cops is that all of the federal drug enforcement agencies have had at least one of its agents implicated in a drug-related offense. Officers nationwide have given in to the same tempta tions offered by the selling of drugs that have lured their criminal adversaries. This discussion examines the scope of the problem citing specific examples and the possible criminological reasons behind this behavior. The growth of police corruption instances involving drug sales is relatively easy to explain. The financial rewards offered by the sales of illegal drugs in relation to other forms of income both legal and illegal, is enormous. The temptation attracts law enforcement officials who are becoming increasingly more discouraged by the growing proliferation of drug traffickers. Though police agencies of all descriptions have fought the 30-plus year ‘drug war’ by spending billions of dollars and locking up millions of people, their efforts have not only not ended drug use or sales but drugs are now more available, cheaper and purer than ever before. Disheartened police officers involved in stopping drug crimes put their lives in jeopardy but are under-paid and u nder-appreciated by an indifferent public. Many officers joined the force to protect and serve but find them regulating an illegal drug market that they know they will never suppress. As long as the U.S. government continues it’s disastrous ‘war,’ formerly well-intentioned cops will continue to be lured by the money to be had by engaging in the drug trade they are expected to prevent. They risk their lives for a war which has no end and they know this fact better than anyone. Fighting a losing battle discourages even the most loyal and honest of law officials and some use this to justify becoming involved in a drug cartel. It’s easy money, they are being underpaid for dangerous work and their efforts are futile. In 2002, 41 police officers in Tijuana, Mexico were arrested (Peet, 2004). These officers, who included the Chief of Police, were on the payroll of drug dealers. They protected drug shipments, took bribes and committed murders. The allegations agai nst these police officers is hardly an isolated incident in Mexico as most of the towns located along the border of the U.S. are controlled and ‘policed’ by drug cartels (Peet, 2004). Any country that wages a war on drugs faces corruption among its police officers, politicians,

Duty of Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Duty of Care - Essay Example The reporter stresses that "Marianne has bought from Ann a house which is ten years old. When the house was built by Brick Ltd., the plans were approved by Greatshire local authority on the basis of a report of independent consulting engineers. The consultants had failed to report on a problem with the foundations. Cracks have now appeared in the kitchen wall which collapses and falls on Tom’s car which is standing beside it. Marianne is so worried by the state of the house that she sells it at  £20,000 less than its market price. She wishes to sue Brick Ltd. I am British Law student so can you please use British English and british resources. That is a coursework from Tort law it is very,very important to use relevant cases and statues. At the moment we are using a book "Streets on Torts" 12th edition by John Murphy it is also important to use this book in the coursework. As a law student we have to argue everything all the time from both sides, it is not enough just to dis cribe sth, there has to be arguments. In order to be able to advise the parties in the above situations it is necessary to examine the potential claims against each. This will involve looking at the rules on general negligence as well as professional negligence. The starting point in proving all claims for tort is establishing whether a duty of care was owed and by whom, whether there has been a breach of that duty and whether as a result of that breach the party has suffered harm. In all three cases there needs to be a discussion as to whether the party causing the damage owed the victim a greater degree of care as they were supposedly professionals in their field of work."

Current Events with Leadership Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Events with Leadership Challenges - Essay Example owing an investigation that found Co CEO Mark Hurd culpable for having a relationship with the company’s contractor who was paid irregularly he had to resign. The investigations also revealed misuse of company resources totalling $ 20,000 as well as violating company policies. However, instead of firing him, the company still allowed him to resign and take home over # million despite having presented inaccurate expense reports concealing his actions. Considering that investigation had found the CEO to have mismanaged the company the company further made an ethical mistake by allowing him to resign (Gregory, 2010). Hurd should have been fired, made to account for his unethical behaviour, pay the company money he misappropriated and prosecuted. This was not the case; instead he was paid handsomely on his resignation. Such a message being sent to employees and the general public could further work to the detriment of the company. The public could form a negative opinion of the company and this would have substantial business implications. As a giant in the computers sector, the company has since lost significant market share to other firms such as Lenovo. This underscores the need for ethical leadership in today’s business

1.Explain how an understanding of psychological theories and Essay

1.Explain how an understanding of psychological theories and approaches might contribute to career management from an individual and organisational perspective - Essay Example This means that there is tremendous room for improvement both from the individuals’ perspectives as well as from the company’s standpoint, since the company is the one which can benefit in the long run, in terms of revenues, increasing sales trends, changing (and positive) consumer recognition models and recall patterns and so on and so forth. The effective handling of staff ensures that their careers are developed in a proper and adequate manner and there is understanding between the corporations and their staff members. Career management’s main task is to maintain the careers of the employees who have been enrolled on the active roster of an enterprise or a company and thus bolster their careers in the light of growing trends, changing circumstances and problems that might arise from time to time. This also means that employees are better understood by the organizations not only with regards to their own individual standpoints but from the whole industry’s stance as well. This can be a positive sign since people would trust the initiatives which are taken by the corporations and thus aspire to contribute in a better and more productive manner as and when the need arises. Moving ahead, advances in different fields of technology have done a great deal to produce miraculous devices and solutions. In some circumstances however, these advances have created problems for the elderly. More aggressive technology approaches are used to extend the life of the elderly. On the whole the elderly, as well as others, welcome that development -- even if they fear some of its consequences. In this context, here we discuss the health information management profession and the careers attached with the same. A number of different institutions and educational centers have of late endeavored to expand their business and hence the field of

PROJECT 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PROJECT 3 - Essay Example Practical mode of action research allows the researcher and the practitioner to communally merge so as to identify the actual potential problems. While working in a single unit, they are able to find out the underlying causes and to formulate possible solutions and stratagems (Newton and Burgess, 2008). According to Blaxter, Tight and Hughes (2010), mutual understanding is usually sought in practical action research, while the main goal is set to understanding practice and finding solutions to problems at hand. Practical mode of action research is known to adopt a non-positivist, ductile and a pliable technique to change. This kind of action research is commonly used in the field of education and other arenas, such as practitioner and human service development. Practical action research can therefore be summarized as an essential, a spot on and an immediate procedure that is specifically designed to tackle a concrete problem and provide a reliable solution. Other modes of action research tend to singularly identify a problem and tackle it in isolation, divorcing it from other contexts. One key feature or component of practical action research is the variation of knowledge that can be obtained while seeking solution to the problem. There are three main conditions which must be satisfied for a condition to be regarded as a critical, practical action research. The three conditions are individually essential and jointly competent in meeting practical action research requirements. The three are: 1. The project must involve the people responsible for the problem at hand at all moments of the activity. This aspect enables the project to widen the participation borders to gradually include any other parties that might have been affected by the problem at hand. The collaborative nature and control of the project must also be maintained. 3. The project must pass through, and successfully meet all the requirements of planning,

Reason Behind Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reason Behind Democracy - Essay Example Human reason is central to humanity and people who believe in it also consider that it is critical in making rational decisions, where rationality is related to what is right. Milton believes in Reason that allows people to make rational choices (Lim 44). Human reason enables people to think in a moral, organized, and productive manner. Cicero highlights that speech makes relations among humans more â€Å"delightful† and that of writing enables â€Å"conversations to be carried on with people who were far away† geographically and in time (R III.3 qtd. in Hauben). Human reason guides communication processes and products, which is critical in forming understandings about the world and organizing themselves, so that they can attain common ends. Milton emphasizes the importance of Reason in making moral choices (Lim 44). Cicero argues too that common Reason allows each individual to scrutinize nature and come to comprehend what nature urges him/her to do (qtd. in Hauben). T hese understandings produce the Natural Law. Cicero calls it: â€Å"The highest reason, inherent in nature which enjoins what ought to be done and forbids the opposite† (L I.18 qtd. in Hauben). The Natural Law enables people to provide certainty and order in their lives. To follow natural law in one’s life is what Cicero refers to as justice and thus â€Å"justice comes from nature† (L I.33 qtd. in Hauben). He understands that corruption comes from â€Å"bad habits† and can be â€Å"so great that it extinguishes, so to speak, the sparks given by nature and allows

Future Trends in Health Care Essay Example for Free

Future Trends in Health Care Essay Clinical decisions reflect the electronic world we live in more than ever. The electronic health record (EHR) is quickly replacing the traditional paper chart. In the United States by the 2014, medical records will be converted to an EHR. Medical records were converted over a ten- year period in the United Kingdom from traditional charting to EHR. The electronic age is here and with it new terminology. Electronic Health (E-health) describes many topics from the EHR to several systems and new subspecialties. Telemedicine has grown to include many activities within the electronic realm. The Internet and external delivery sources are quickly gaining favor for follow up care and rural medicine visits. Patients’ no longer have to wait or drive far distances to see their physician they can simply go to an outpatient clinic and visit the physician via videoconference using SKPE like technology. Internet/Electronic Communication as an External Delivery Source The estimates state that about eight billion people can access some form of electronic communication network across the globe. The estimation of this global access is the ability to investigate and research any health condition by symptom or chief complaint. The user simply inputs his or her perceived diagnosis and several choices are displayed in most search engines such as GOOGLE or BING. The programming used today does not even require that the spelling is correct because of the built in spell check feature. The electronic/computer age has brought with it many advantages that ten years ago were impossible. The ability to research as many topics/symptoms once performed at the library can be done at home. The Internet/e-communication has revolutionized both personal and professional fact-finding missions. E-health is quickly replacing both the research and word of mouth referrals. Going online and asking a question provide all the  physicians in the area as well as what type of specialist to visit. Blogs have replaced word of mouth. The impact is clear e-health is here to stay. Nomenclature depends on the type of patient care activities described. EHR is a universal and global term. Programs that support clinical decision-making can include: * Computerized provider (or physician) entry (CPOE) systems used by clinicians to enter, modify, review and, communicate orders, and return results for laboratory tests, x-ray images and referrals. * E-prescribing – clinical information systems used to enter, modify, review, and output, or communicate medication prescriptions. * Computerized decision support systems – (CDSS) used in the context of eHealth technologies, clinical information systems that integrate clinical and demographic patient information to provide support for decision making by clinicians. * Picture Archiving Computer System – (PACS) used radiology to store data and x-ray images. â€Å"The widespread availability of medical information on the internet and its effects on health care has exponentially increased over the last decade† (Black, et. al, 2011, p. 9). The impact of e-health has changed the landscape of health care. The growth has ushered in a new way for providers to communicate and educate patients. Instead of handouts concerning particular disease processes the provider can give the technologically clever patient the information by directing him or her to the website. Safe and effective instructions are the responsibility of the provider so investigation and verification for accuracy is important. Impact of Distance Delivery on Health Care Distance to the clinic or hospital is a concern for patients in rural areas. The convenience of participating in an e-health visit is beneficial. â€Å"On-line, computer-assisted communication between patients and physicians promises to replace a substantial amount of care now delivered in person† (Kassirer, 1995, p. 52). The prediction of Dr. Kasssirer is true today telemedicine, is on the rise. Large scale acceptance of e-medicine is yet to be realized. The backbone of American healthcare the physician office visit is under construction with the advent of e-Health. The patient is more in control of their health care than any time in history â€Å"ideally, responsibility for decisions could be shared by the patient and the physician, with the patient playing a substantial part† (Kassirer, 1995, p.  52). Transformative power is evident in this fundamental shift in thinking throughout the health care community. Communication Issues and Health care today Medical and scientific data is available to both the physician and the patient through the use of the Internet. †The Internet is clearly the modern vehicle with the potential to improve information dissemination and perhaps change the way health care is delivered† (Podichetty, et. al, p. 274). Smart phone and device technology is accessed and often used throughout the course of the day by both the physician and patient. Electronic interactions have replaced many of the traditional forms of communication. The move toward electronic exchanges between health care providers is becoming a common occurrence. Web-based medical resources are accessed by the patient and the physician equally. â€Å"Over 90% of physicians use the internet to research clinical issues† (Podichetty, et, al, p. 274). Researching can occur at the bedside with direct collaboration with the patient. The ability to understand and explain multiple disease processes is achieved through the interactive technology advances of today. Impact of Communication Techniques in the Future The future of healthcare communication and current trends are evolving as rapidly as technology will allow. Technological advances are occurring so rapidly that the health care environment will continue to evolve and invent new forms of communication techniques over the next five years. â€Å"Information and communications technology will play a key role in delivering health care in the future† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 328). Standards are changing within the cultural landscape of e-health. As the environment changes so too will the standards and regulations of telemedicine. As the landscape continues to change â€Å"there is cultural and historical resistance to heavy centralization of record-keeping and privacy concerns about the potential intrusion of government or business into sensitive personal documents† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 328). Soon we will be able to provide our complete medical history and medications through the use of a master patient record that updates in real time. The cloud is already offering â€Å"a place to remotely store and access gigantic sets of experimental data† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 329). The logical  transition to electronic documents is on the horizon. In conclusion, the future of centralized electronic records is on the horizon. The landscape will continue to evolve and shape itself around the acceptance of new technologies and ways to communicate medical information. As the evolution continues the legal and ethical considerations will mirror that of technological advancement â€Å"work is still under way to establish standards and rules on how to send information to the central system† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 329). The future will determine a set of standards for e-Health technologies. The technology exists but can health care can keep up with the future needs of the patient. References Biscup, R.S., Booher, J., Podichetty, V.K. (2006). Assessment of Internet Use and Effects among Health Care Professionals: A Cross Sectional Survey. Postgrad Medicine, 8(2), 274-279. Black, A.D., Car, J., Pagliari, C., Anandan, C., Cresswell, K., Bokun, T., McKinstry, B., Procter, R., Majeed, A., Sheikh, A., (2011, January). The Impact of E-Health on the Quality and Safety of Health Care: A Systematic Overview. Plos Medicine, 8(1), 1-16. Dumiak, M. (2012, September). E-Healths Future Frontiers. Bull World Health Organization, 328-329. Kassirer, J.P. (1995, January). The Next Transformation in the Delivery of Health Care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 332(1), 52-54.

Motives for Americas Invasion of Iraq

Motives for Americas Invasion of Iraq Introduction Many things have been said and written about Americas invasion of Iraq. To date, most of what have been said is essentially reactions leveled against the explanations adopted by the then Americas regime and her allies in justifying invasion of Iraq. Bushs regime told the international community that there was urgent need to invade Iraq in order to oust Saddam Husseins despotic leadership from power and thus pave way for the entrenchment of democracy in Iraq which is a prerequisite to international peace and security especially in this era of terrorism. Even though UN Security Councils intelligence personnel assigned the responsibility of investigating Americas claims of existence of WMDs in Iraq was not in harmony with those claims, America went ahead in engaging in one of the most expensive war since the end of Cold War. This essay seeks to establish whether sociopolitical explanations adopted by America amidst protests from the International community and the UN were underpinned by Americas interest to maintain her global economic dominance or the proclaimed political motive of liberating Iraqis from tyranny. War as a means of implementing foreign policy Generally, war is a very expensive foreign policy implementation tool which no sane nation would want to frequently use not unless its the only alternative for her survival. All states -the powerful and the weak-U.S included tries as much as possible to use peaceful diplomacy in implementing their foreign policies abroad and can only resort to coercive diplomacy (war) when its the only rational alternative for protecting its survival and interests in the International System. Analysts were therefore left unconvinced whether the need to oust bad leadership in Iraq was the main and genuine reason behind Americas invasion of Iraq or her ambition to maintain herself position as the global economic giant was more important. To be sure, there is no economic, political, or social explanation that can on its own fully and convincingly explain Americas invasion of Iraq. The economic perspective of the invasion Pursuit of economic progress and dominance abroad is one of the major goals of any nation-states foreign policies. Paul Cerni Mphil (2006) states that â€Å"†¦ what every nation and empire aspires to is to nurture their own economy where necessary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  America is no exception in the sense that her determination to maintain her global economic position stands out as one of the main determinants of her foreign policies. Indeed, her ambition to position her self as the global economic giant has been pointed out by scholars and international political analysts as the main driving force behind year 2003 invasion of Iraq. Categorically, Marxists owing to the colossal amount of money spent on this war dont cite any other motive behind the invasion of Iraq by America in alliance with Britain among others. For them any other non economic explanations adopted by America in justifying her actions was mere political hypocrisy aimed at misleading the international community from opposing invasion of Iraq. Paula Cerni Mphil (2006) once more argues that â€Å"The US invasion of Iraq, advertised as a forceful attack on global terror and tyranny, was supposed to mark the rise of a stronger and more assertive American imperialism.† Critics dont understand why if Americas proclaimed goal of ousting bad leadership in Iraq was the main agenda she didnt hesitate from invading Iraq even after UN Security Council failed to produce evidence for the existence of WMDs in Iraq. They reject Americas claims of the need to tyranny in Iraq since the UN is supposed to maintaining international security and peace by urging countries to institute legal frameworks that can prevent people with bad ideas like which are a threat to democratic existence from taking over power. Therefore, these critics argue that the need to create an enabling environment in Iraq for purposes of exploiting her rich oil mines was the fundamental interest in this invasion. Oil as a source of energy for her industries is one of the highly demanded raw material by American capitalists and imperialists who could not feel any pain in funding such an expensive foreign policy endeavor. America was thus determined to oust Saddam Hussein from power not for purposes achieving a democratic leadership in Iraq but so that they could put in place a puppet leadership which they could easily manipulate in order to satisfy their selfish economic interests. To these critics therefore, America was essentially on a mission to conquer a prestigious economic territory and wrongly assumed that the weak Iraq would accept her proclaimed goal of eradicating bad leadership from power. A short critique of the economic argument for the invasion Note that Marxists are known for their tendency to over emphasize the economic aspects of a given real life phenomenon like invasion of Iraq by America. However, an impartial analyst should look at all factors in play and try as mush as possible to put behind each factor an emphasis that is not exaggerated. That is, in as much as economic interests were primary in this invasion and are usually in any given foreign policy other interests like her national security, survival, peace, and need to propagate her ideologies can at times be more important than mere pursuit of economic wealth and dominance It is therefore legitimate to argue that in as much as much as America wanted to exploit Iraqs oil other interests such as her national security and survival in the international system played a significant role. Its for instance arguable that in this case American political elites felt that Saddam Husseins regime was a threat to her a national security and survival by virtue of the fact that it could provide an operating base for international terrorists. There was need therefore to invade Iraq in order to bring to an end bad leadership and thus usher in a new democratic leadership that would not only guarantee Iraqis their peace and human rights but also enable America safeguard her national security and survival against the threat of terrorist attacks from Iraq. Comments posted on geocities.com states that for a considerable period of time â€Å"US administration continued to consider removing Husseins regime from power and following the September 11, 2001 terrorist destruction o f the World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York, they decided that they had sufficient excuse to do so.† This argument is anchored on the premise that Iraq has been and is still a hub of dangerous terrorist and rebel groups including the dreaded Al Qaeda terror group. To some extent therefore, Americas national security and survival in the international system proclaimed by Bush regime was as important as positioning herself as a global economic giant. It is therefore unfair and even unscholarly to give the Iraq invasion an absolute economic explanation thereby under looking other factors. However, primacy of Americas economic ambitions in this invasion should be given its consideration accordingly especially due to her insatiable â€Å"thirst† for oil which is plenty in Iraq. Conclusion In conclusion, just like it was pointed out earlier there is no one particular factor (economic, social or political) that can explain Americas invasion of Iraq without facing the dangers of lacking impartiality. An impartial analyst should therefore carefully put into consideration all factors in play without over emphasizing some at the expense of others. Time and history therefore remains to prove us wrong or right with regards to our opinions pertaining this invasion. Advocates of international peace and security would for instance like to see how successful America will be in establishing peace and stability and rebuilding the collapsed Iraq nation. And also understand why several years after Saddam Hussein was hanged for his despotic leadership, bad leadership is persistent in most Asian countries and no WMDs have been recovered from Iraq. References Mphil, Paula Cerni. 2006. Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century. Theory and Science.theoryand sciecce.icaap.org (retrieved on August 20, 2009.). Iraq War www.geocities.com/ daverclark/iraq war.html (retrieved on August 20, 2009.).

The Economics of Game Theory :: Game Theory Players Rules Essays

The Economics of Game Theory Consider this : Could Western management techniques be successfully implemented in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) ? Granted, they have to be adapted, modified and cannot be imported in their entirety. But their crux, their inalienable nucleus – can this be transported and transplanted in CEE ? Theory provides us with a positive answer. Human agents are the same everywhere and are mostly rational. Practice begs to differ. Basic concepts such as the money value of time or the moral and legal meaning of property are non existent. The legal, political and economic environments are all unpredictable. As a result, economic players will prefer to maximize their utility immediately (steal from the workplace, for instance) – than to wait for longer term (potentially, larger) benefits. Warrants (stock options) convertible to the company’s shares constitute a strong workplace incentive in the West (because there is an horizon and they increase the employee’s welfa re in the long term). Where the future is speculation – speculation withers. Stock options or a small stake in his firm, will only encourage the employee to blackmail the other shareholders by paralysing the firm, to abuse his new position and will be interpreted as immunity, conferred from above, from the consequences of illegal activities. The very allocation of options or shares will be interpreted as a sign of weakness, dependence and need, to be exploited. Hierarchy is equated with slavery and employees will rather harm their long term interests than follow instructions or be subjected to criticism – never mind how constructive. The employees in CEE regard the corporate environment as a conflict zone, a zero sum game (in which the gains by some equal the losses to others). In the West, the employees participate in the increase in the firm’s value. The difference between these attitudes is irreconcilable. Now, let us consider this : An entrepreneur is a person who is gifted at identifying the unsatisfied needs of a market, at mobilizing and organizing the resources required to satisfy those needs and at defining a long-term strategy of development and marketing. As the enterprise grows, two processes combine to denude the entrepreneur of some of his initial functions. The firm has ever growing needs for capital : financial, human, assets and so on. Additionally, the company begins (or should begin) to interface and interact with older, better established firms.

The Role of Washington County, Ohio in the Success of the Underground R

The Role of Washington County, Ohio in the Success of the Underground Railroad Gone, gone, --sold and gone To the rice-swamps dank and lone, From Virginia's hills and waters, -- Woe is me, my stolen daughters!" (Whittier in Hamilton, pg. 105) Families torn apart, humans sold on auction blocks, using humans for animal labor. These tragedies along with the words of the Quaker poet John Whiittier are just the beginning when trying to explain the motivation for abolitionists helping to free slaves. The Underground Railroad was a path to safety and freedom for thousands of slaves before the Civil War. Escaping from the chains, confinement and abuse of slavery was no easy task and it took the cooperation of many people to make escape possible. The anti-slavery movement created this path to guide and protect escaped slaves on their way to Canada, the freedom land. Many slaves traveled through Ohio on their journey and were assisted by Ohio residents. My research paper will answer the question: What role did Washington County, Ohio, play in the success of the Underground Railroad? Limitations and Delimitations While there were many states, slaves and abolitionists involved in the Underground Railroad, certain restrictions must be placed on the research. The research in this paper will only cover four stations and their conductors from Washington County, Ohio. The paper will take you on a trip through this county from a slaves point of view. Although the history and origin of slavery will not be covered in this paper, the feelings and thoughts of the slaves on their journeys will be depicted. Fugitive slaves, or runaway slaves, were fleeing a life of hardship and confinement for a life of h... ...hat even bloodhounds will not scent out (Cosner, pg. 85). WORKS CITED Hamilton, Virginia. Many Thousand Gone . New York: Scholastic, Inc, 1993. Blockson, Charles L. The Underground Railroad . New York: Prentice Hall, 1982. Cosner, Sharon. The Underground Railroad . New York: Venture, 1991. DuBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk . New York: Penguin Books, 1989. Burke, Henry R. Journeys on the Underground Railroad . Marietta, OH: The Underground Railroad Research Center, 1995. Douglas, Fredrick. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas, An American Slave . New York: Penguin Classics, 1986. "Underground Railroad." World Book Encyclopedia . 1992 ed. "Underground Railroad." Encyclopedia Americana . 1972 ed. Burke, Henry R. Personal Interview. 22 October 1996. Burke, Henry R. E-mail to Author. 18 November 1996.

Stability of a Sailing Kayak :: physics kayak sport sports

"Strippers" they are often called, relate to the method of boat building is old and well perfected. It basically involves setting up a series of molds and then wrapping strips of wood around them. More specifically, I'm mostly using the method outlined in the book Kayakcraft which is a great set of instructions for anyone wanting to take on this type of project. The wood for this boat is clear cedar that has been ripped into 3/4" x 1/4" strips. Each of those then get a concave and convex edge. This a great method because then each strip fits together perfectly at any angle seen on the plans. The molds and raised construction surface are all made of particle board. It's cheap and easy to work with but you have to make sure it doesn't get wet. You can see in the photo how the strips fit over the molds. Eventually, all the wood inside and out will be coated with a clear epoxy over fiberglass which ultimately will provide most of the strength and all of the water resistance. The sail plan is going to be quite simple but could consist of either 1 or 2 sails. Each option has its benefits. Dividing the load of the wind between two sails would lower their center of effort and therefore lower their leverage on the boat. But, these are fairly small sails to begin with and, aerodynamically, larger sails are generally more efficient. So while having two sails would increase my stability, having one would likely increase the performance. The option I will likely choose will be two large sails that can be easily reefed (or taken down). Then you could travel with one, or both if the wind was light. This problem can be thought of as one of rotational motion due to force. As the wind pushes on the sail, the buoyant force and keel mass push in the opposite direction. So, if we can define all of the forces acting on the system, we should be able to say something about how the boat will react at certain wind speeds. One problem in determining the wind speed necessary for capsize is the changing function of this system's center of mass, particularly the people inside. Most boat models involve boats that are much more massive than their passengers but mine will weigh around 75 lbs and carry 2 passengers. Stability of a Sailing Kayak :: physics kayak sport sports "Strippers" they are often called, relate to the method of boat building is old and well perfected. It basically involves setting up a series of molds and then wrapping strips of wood around them. More specifically, I'm mostly using the method outlined in the book Kayakcraft which is a great set of instructions for anyone wanting to take on this type of project. The wood for this boat is clear cedar that has been ripped into 3/4" x 1/4" strips. Each of those then get a concave and convex edge. This a great method because then each strip fits together perfectly at any angle seen on the plans. The molds and raised construction surface are all made of particle board. It's cheap and easy to work with but you have to make sure it doesn't get wet. You can see in the photo how the strips fit over the molds. Eventually, all the wood inside and out will be coated with a clear epoxy over fiberglass which ultimately will provide most of the strength and all of the water resistance. The sail plan is going to be quite simple but could consist of either 1 or 2 sails. Each option has its benefits. Dividing the load of the wind between two sails would lower their center of effort and therefore lower their leverage on the boat. But, these are fairly small sails to begin with and, aerodynamically, larger sails are generally more efficient. So while having two sails would increase my stability, having one would likely increase the performance. The option I will likely choose will be two large sails that can be easily reefed (or taken down). Then you could travel with one, or both if the wind was light. This problem can be thought of as one of rotational motion due to force. As the wind pushes on the sail, the buoyant force and keel mass push in the opposite direction. So, if we can define all of the forces acting on the system, we should be able to say something about how the boat will react at certain wind speeds. One problem in determining the wind speed necessary for capsize is the changing function of this system's center of mass, particularly the people inside. Most boat models involve boats that are much more massive than their passengers but mine will weigh around 75 lbs and carry 2 passengers.

Black Body Radiation and Ultraviolet Catastrophe

The book entitled Black Body Radiation and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe written by Jeff Brown tells about the story of a fifteen year old science genius in the name of Augustus who was granted with the power to travel to another dimension, time, or space by a mysterious being. Using his power, he traveled across different dimensions, time, and space of his existence. He had learned a lot from the journey and other people he met.The journey, indeed, let him realize his self-existence and learn some life lesson taught to him by some friends and other beings he had met, along them are his real parents that are the exact opposite of he had in earth. This story of Mr. Brown offers many things to ponder upon such as issues we encounter everyday that result to big changes in our lives, values that modern matters need understanding and lessons that are applicable to life; that real happiness does not come from material things and that big surprises comes in small packages.The work of Mr. Brow n is certainly heart-whelming and enriching for having that sense of purpose we have in life, even though the present of the omnipresent narrator sometimes provide his own musings in between the parts of the story. Augustus, the main protagonist in the story, is a son of a wealthy family. He always wanted to be on top of the honor list. Surprisingly, though he was a science genius, he was always too shy to look after some girls. Also, despite all the material wealth he possessed, he never seemed to be contented at all.He had this sense of wanting something or someone that would complete his existence here on earth. In the beginning of the story, the narrator illustrates this fact with the incident wherein he went out with his bike and before he walks out the door; his actions remained unnoticed by both his parents. In this scene, Augustus had this great pang on his insides; he had the feeling that his parents would not want him to stay and be safe in the house. The fact that Augustu s is the sole child, he always seeks a moment wherein his existence is needed with whom he could protect.It is stated in the first part of the story, â€Å"He approached it like he would his sister about to bite into the last piece of cake, that is, if he had one – a sister that is† that would somehow agree to the idea that he do want a sister and maybe, it is because of his parents’ jobs that caused them of not having a child, a sister for Augustus. In his journey, we could observe that as the story progresses, he found things that taught him to be a different Augustus than before.His imaginations, although as wild as anyone could have, eventually came to life and with this, he manage to think only the positive things he could. That could be the reason why he had met his real parents in an unreal world where he was hoping to find the different parents, the one he desired to have in the real world. It had been evident in the story that his parents do not care fo r him in his development as a person except for matters involving his performance in school or when they have to attend to Church festivities (Easter and Christmas).It was his parents from the other world that taught him the biggest blessing that he had and that is about what happiness really means and how to keep a relationship as sturdy and long as he could. Augustus’ character sought and found the main guiding principle of the story, that is, â€Å"without happiness, life is not worth living. † Aside from this principle, he had also learned several other life-long lessons which he applied later in his life. Augustus’ character is a representation of the many unhappy souls seeking something that would make him feel complete despite the material advantages he had.He started dealing with the difficulties brought about by the journey. Those difficulties stand for the modern issues some of us are facing today. His expedition to the other world could also mean for the changes we are having in life. His journey showed how he had manage to make decisions on his own in relation to his crossing to manhood and how he administer to find those things that would give him happiness. Augustus was gathering enough courage to find his life and the other characters he met helped him in this matter.He had learned to find his life’s worth and appreciated it and the virtues it offered to him. Augustus learned to stand by his faith. He experienced loving and being loved in return through the daughter of the Queen. His spiritual quest had earned him to value love, life and religion as well. At the end of the journey, although it seemed that the story is intriguing because of the bias attempts of the omnipresent narrator to convey his ideas within the text, Augustus is entrusted to portray a very strong character since the beginning of the story that he managed to maintain throughout the narrative.Being a reader, one should have managed to put himself in Augustus’ shoes and understand why he could well stand for any one of us. The maturity and self satisfaction he had receive from that high anticipated trip did not die in vain after the journey. The author had excellently dealt with changing Augustus’s and the readers’ life in a unique way shown in this book. Reference: Brown, J. (2007). Black Body Radiation and Ultraviolet Catastrophe. Lulu. com

Arterial Blood Gas Essay

Understanding arterial blood gases can sometimes be confusing. A logical and systematic approach using these steps makes interpretation much easier. Applying the concepts of acidbase balance will help the healthcare provider follow the progress of a patient and evaluate the effectiveness of care being provided. Copyright 2004 Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Glossary ABG: arterial blood gas. A test that analyzes arterial blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate content in addition to blood pH. Used to test the effectiveness of ventilation. Acidosis: a pathologic state characterized by an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the arterial blood above the normal level. May be caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide or acidic products of metabolism or a by a decrease in the concentration of alkaline compounds. Alkalosis: a state characterized by a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood below normal level. The condition may be caused by an increase in the concentration of alkaline compounds, or by decrease in the concentration of acidic compounds or carbon dioxide. Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD): a disease process involving chronic inflammation of the airways, including chronic bronchitis (disease in the large airways) and emphysema (disease located in smaller airways and alveolar regions). The obstruction is generally permanent and progressive over time. Diamox â„ ¢: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that decreases H+ ion secretion and increases HCO3 excretions by the kidneys, causing a diuretic effect. Hyperventilation: a state in which there is an increased amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli (increased alveolar ventilation), resulting in reduction of carbon dioxide tension and eventually leading to alkalosis. Hypoventilation: a state in which there is a reduced amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. Hypoxemia: below-normal oxygen content in arterial blood due to deficient oxygenation of the blood and resulting in hypoxia. Hypoxia: reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. Iatrogenic: any condition induced in a patient by the effects of medical treatment. Kussmaul’s respirations: abnormal breathing pattern brought on by strenuous exercise or metabolic acidosis, and is characterized by an increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause. Oxygen delivery system: a device used to deliver oxygen concentrations above ambient air to the lungs through the upper airway. Oxygenation: the process of supplying, treating or mixing with oxygen. Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin in combination with oxygen. Pneumothorax: an abnormal state characterized by the presence of gas (as air) in the plueral cavity. Pulmonary Embolism: the lodgment of a blood clot in the lumen of a pulmonary artery, causing a severe dysfunction in respiratory function. Thyrotoxicosis: toxic condition due to hyperactivity of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, increased metabolic basal metabolism, nervous symptoms and loss of weight.

Russia vs Brazil Communication Styles

Casual communication in Russia reflects a subdued formalism that is unique region. A business meeting with a stranger warrants the use of their patronymic name to address them. A patronymic name is the surname originated from a paternal ancestor such as a father or grandfather. All Russian surnames are rooted on the individuals’ father with the suffix â€Å"ovna† or â€Å"evna† for women, which translate to â€Å"the daughter of†. For men the suffix â€Å"ovich† similarly translates to â€Å"the son of† pattern seeing in the women.To add another layer of tradition, the Russian language has two version of the word â€Å"you†. In a formal setting Russians use â€Å"vy† to delineate courtesy and respect, but they also have the â€Å"ty† version to use with friends or family. In contrast, Brazil’s communication style is much more relaxed and informal. Brazilians often interrupt each other in conversations, a habit that is not considered rude by their standards. They also communicate in very close proximity and enjoy touching each other lightly. This practice is observed across gender roles.For example, Brazilian men touch other men as well as women during conversations. Women do not consider this behavior sexual harassment or inappropriate behavior. In fact, breaking away from this close proximity is considered an insult in Brazilian. High Context Society Russians and Brazil use the high context communication style. This style is to integrate oral and nonverbal messages to transmit their thoughts and feeling. Engaging a conversation with a high context communicator a person must be able to indentify the subtle nuance in body language to decipher what is really being expressed.In short, many things are left unsaid in Russia, which makes operating and marketing a business slightly challenging. For example, in the early 1990s a Russian beer company struck marketing gold when its commercial aired dur ing a Russian football game. The commercial depicted a football player with a dated haircut and a jersey with the words â€Å"I. Sussanin†. His supposed coach is seen attempting to motivate him by saying â€Å"You already played against the Polish, so just do the same with this team, lead them to the wrong direction†.In response, the player says nothing and turns away. This commercial resonated well with Russian consumers because the humour was implied. All Russians have a strong understanding of their history and understood that this was in reference to the war hero Ivan Sussanin who tricked the Polish into going the wrong direction in the War of 1613. Thus, it is imperative to have excellent listening and observational skills to be an effective communicator in Russia and Brazil. Negotiating The political and economic landscape of Russia is an influential element in its negotiation style.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the protection of property rights still r emains relatively weak and businesses are often subject to state control that is riddled with nepotism and corruption. Thus, Russian negotiations focus on the short-term gains and benefits of a business deal. In fact, communication in business deals can easily escalate into a highly contentious and adversarial experience. Dramatic reactions like threats to call off a deal, loss of temper, and even leaving the boardroom, are quite typical in business negotiations.Russians subscribe to the idea that one parties’ gain should be equitable the other parties’ loss. Thus, compromising is seen as a weakness and there is strong expectation that there is only one winner in a business deal. – Leveraging relationships is an important element when negotiating in Brazil. Brazilians often employ distributive and contingency bargaining. While the buyer is in a superior position, both sides in a business deal own the responsibility to reach agreement. They expect long-term commi tments from their business partners and will focus mostly on long-term benefits.The primary negotiation style is competitive and Brazilians can be very aggressive negotiators. While proposals should demonstrate the benefits to both negotiating parties, neither of them should take attempts to win competitive advantages negatively. It is crucial to remain non-confrontational and avoid direct conflict throughout the bargaining exchange. Ultimately, the culture promotes a win-win approach and people value long-term business relationships. You will earn your counterparts’ respect by maintaining a positive, persistent attitude.Do not openly show aggression or frustration. Should a dispute arise at any stage of a negotiation, you might be able to reach resolution by leveraging personal relationships Conflict Management For a long time Russia was organized into agricultural communes. Agricultural communes were communities and public farms that provided all of the food resources to th e surrounding population. Food was distributed equally and Russians learned to cooperate and reduce waste whenever possible. Thus, Russian fondness for the group strongly influences their conflict management style.If there is an issue within an organization, it is important to address the group, not an individual, about the issue and find a collaborative solution to the problem. Russians believe that helping their team members accomplish a goal really does benefit them directly, Russian like to be successful together. They are more confident that they can work together and make decisions and strive to understand the opposing position by asking questions. Brazilian prefers to avoid dealing directly with conflict. When issues arise, they are dealt with privately, through a third party, or through passive resistance.Rather than state their opposition directly, Brazilians will problem solve their using the least amount of open dissension. Brazilian believes strongly in saving face, a co ncept that many direct communicators do not factor in when dealing with conflict. Saving face is simply dealing with an issue or concern in a manner that does not publicly embarrass Brazilians or cause them to lose respect in their own eyes or those of other individuals. Therefore, blame is not directly placed on anyone but is usually alluded to.