Using appropriate theories, discuss the concept and practice of Essay

Using appropriate theories, discuss the concept and practice of honorable, social and environmental bill and reporting - prove ExampleWhen the calling agreement makes commitment to business ethics and complies with the business accounting policies, it is said that the organization is following the concepts of ethical accounting concepts and policies (Keen, n.d.).The ethical accounting is done by an ethicist. An ethicist has earned a doctorate degree in the field of scientific discipline or philosophy. They k promptly the intricacies of business through studies in business ethics. The ethicist provides a non accounting perspective while an accountant provides financial perspective (Keen, n.d.). They help in ascertaining whether the business organization is complying with the ethics and business standards of the company.Most companies have established mission statement but not ethical standards. An ethicist helps in drafting and implementation of ethical codes. The management has t o make sure that the employees follow the ethical standard and codes. Majority of the companies are enforcing their own ethical standards. Violation of these ethical standards leads to serious consequences for the employees (Keen, n.d.).In the fall in States of America, the Ministry of Finance makes strong attempts to help investors receive full disclosure of information with respect to the security issues (The International Accounting Standards Board, 2008).Restrictions have been imposed by the Nipponese Ministry of Finance (securities markets are regulated by the Japanese Government) to prohibit insider trading in banks. The Japanese firms are allowed to register for public bonds (The International Accounting Standards Board, 2008).Germany has little stringent laws related to disclosure of information. Weak accounting regulations have weakened the policies related to the disclosure of information. Earlier, the laws did not even prohibit insider trading but now they are thinking of incorporating strict regulations related to insider trading (The International Accounting Standards Board,

Pride and Prejudice Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Analysis EssayElizabeth bennet receives two proposals one from Mr collins and one from Mr Darcy.Mr Collins was a long and heavy looking man of 25 years. Although he was polite and well mannered he was also pompous and had a self-inflated ego. He always make never ending speeches about nonhing and bored everyone to death.Mr Collins flattered everyone constantly but sometimes inappropriately.He begged to know which of his sporting cousins the excellence of its cooking was owed.-By this, Mrs white avens was offended and assured him they were in fact able to keep a good cook. This showed his lack of judgement in when to compliment. He was also quite nonsense(a) and Mr Bennets sarcasm often went completely unnoticed. For example, on page 54, Mr Bennet asked if his flatteries were inclined(p) and Mr Collins admitted that sometimes he would think of them for his amusementLady Catherine de Bourgh who was his patroness diligent him. He grovelled to her constan tly as she paid his way because of her, he was middle/upper categorise. He was a clergyman at Hunsford near Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourghs home.When Mr Bennet dies, Mr Collins will inherit Longburn, as Mr Bennet cannot leave the house to his wife women couldnt inherit. In Mr Collins letter, he proposes to make peace with the family.Mr Darcy on the otherwise hand was very good looking.He soon drew the attention of the room by his fine t only person, handsome features, noble mienHe is also described as a fine figure of a man. But he was soon to be discovered to be proud preceding(prenominal) his company. He was clever, but at the same time he was haughty, reserved and fastidious.He owned Pemberly Estate and got one thousand a year. -He was upper class and he knew itHe had seen a collection of people in whom there was little beauty and no fashion for none of whom he had felt the smallest interest.Darcy and Bingley had a good friendship despite many differences.Bingley was sure of macrocosm liked wherever he appeared Darcy was continually giving offence.Darcy had no sense of humour and admitted it. He couldnt see the funny side of brio whereas Bingley was light hearted and liked to enjoy everything he did.In the past Wickam and Darcy had a disagreement. Mr Darcys father had promised Wickam a place in the church but when he died Darcy refused to help him.Mr Collins first hints on his future plans in his letter to the Bennets when he writesI cannot be otherwise than concern at the means of injuring your amiable daughters, and beg leave to apologise for it, as well as to assure you of my readiness to make them every possible amends.On the first day of staying at Longburn, he, in a conversation to Mrs Bennet verbaliseI can assure the young ladies that I come prepared to admire them. -Here he gave Mrs Bennet a small glimpse of his intentions.Jane Austin then gave it away saying that now having a good house and income Mr Collins was in want of a wife. He was also pleasing Catherine de Bourgh who thought he should link.So for the first evening Jane was the settled choice being not only the eldest, but the prettiest -this was, until he was informed by Mrs Bennet that she was soon to be engaged to Bingley (exaggeration). Then at the Netherfield Ball he asked Lizzy to dance some(prenominal) times and she realised she was the chosen one out of the five sisters.Mr Darcy on the other hand was far from admiring Lizzy at first and when Mr Bingley suggested he dance with her at the Meryton Ball he replied that he had not the least intention of dancing. -Bingley was dancing with the only good looking girl in the room. Here he was referring to Jane. He tell Lizzy was tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me.Then at Sir William Lucass party, William tried to pair up the two of them and Darcy did not resist, but Lizzy brushed him off with I kick in not the least intention of dancing. -this was pay back. It was at this party that Darcy rea lised his true feelings for her.At Netherfield when Jane went to stay, she fell ill and Lizzy being worried came to visit. Here, she noticed that Darcy was constantly watching her. Miss Bingley who secretly liked Darcy, in seeing that he was drawn to Lizzy tried to turn him against her. But all in vain, for whatever she said, he just stuck up for Elizabeth. Miss Bingley, in Mr Darcys defending her saidI am afraid Mr Darcy that this adventure has rather change your admiration for her fine eyes.I think when she says this shes half-teasing and half jealous of him liking her.Before proposing, Mr Collins said to Mrs Bennet, May I hope madam, for your interest with your fair daughter Elizabeth, when I solicit for the honour of a private audience with her in the course of this morning? -Here, he was basically asking Mrs Bennets permission to propose. He then launched straight into his speech.Mr Darcy came to visit Lizzy and at first made light conversation, asking about her health. Then t here was an awkward silence where he moldiness have been trying to think of how to start before proceeding. -Differences are already showing through.Mr Collins first said hed chosen Lizzy almost as soon as hed met her (which was a lie) and went on to specify his reasons for marrying her. He, as a clergyman wanted to set an example to the rest of the parish, he thought it would make his joyful and he was following Lady Catherine de Bourghs advice.Hed obviously planed out his speech carefully but in his reasons, he had not mentioned that he was in love with her Darcy on the other hand offered his hand in marriage because he did love her and his opening sentence expressed this clearlyIn vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how I admire and love you.Mr Collins also made some(prenominal) insults to Lizzy when proposing to her without even realising it For instance, he said that if she refuses, she my never get another o ffer. He also reminds her that if she stays single, all she may ever be entitled to is twenty-five pounds when her mother dies.Darcy put his foot in it too. After saying how much he loved her, he went on to say that it was not his wish to do so with her connections and statusHis sense of inferiority -of the family obstacles which judgement had always opposed to inclination.When he was turned down he thought she was just offendedCould you count me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? -To congratulate myself on the hope of relations, your connections?He also admitted to trying to split up Jane and Darcy and even rejoiced in his success of doing so.In response to lowerion, Mr Collins thinks Lizzy is playing hard to get and says this is to be expected of a lady. He goes on to say all the good materialistic reasons to marry him forgetting to mention things like love. He acts as if marrying would be a good investment for Lizzy or something. He then assured her that both of her parents approved of the marriage.Mr Darcy in response to rejection is shocked and angry but manages to control himself. He asked why he had been refused and thought she must be offended by what he had said earlierCould you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections?But after saying these words he accepted her answer.Both proposals were made for very disparate reasons Mr Collins obviously proposed for convenience, whereas Mr Darcy was in love. Both men also reacted in different ways when turned down although Mr Collins couldnt take the rejection, he was not actually bothered about anything other than having his male pride hurt. -Darcy must have been extremely upset, to him Lizzy was the woman he wanted to spend the rest of his life with but he tried not to show his emotions.They both involved a lot of snobbery in their proposal speeches. They thought that Lizzy would not reject someone of the higher class and she should be grateful that she was chosen out of al l the other girls both reminded her constantly about her status. Mr Collins was more personalised mentioning both what would happen when her mother and father died but Lizzy got more angry at Darcy because of things he has said and done in the past. Mr Collins and Mr Darcy both said in much detail all the pros and cons of the marriage.In conclusion, both proposals have some similarities but they differ in the essential requirement of love.

The Rise Of The Improvised Exposive Devise Essay Example for Free

The Rise Of The Improvised Exposive Devise EssayImprovised explosive devices, better known as IEDs, are makeshift bombs usually do of materials like nails and ball bearing first used in guerilla warfare during the World War II. (Crystal, 2007) IEDs have long since evolved and now, IED builders back tooth improvise on the materials used. As a result, the devices have become more unique in nature, thus making it harder to track down.In addition, according to Army Gen. John Abizaid, air force officer of all US forces in the Middle East, IEDs have become the enemys perfect weapon they are cheap, effective, and anonymous. (Knickerbocker, 2007, p.1) As a result, incidents involving IEDs have surged dramatically and now pose a real threat to the community. Despite giving medication efforts to curtail IED activity, insurgents are still able to find ways to build and burst forth their IED make bombs. IED bombings have been on the headlines in the past further currently, it can be s een almost constantly. The number of IED incidents keeps on steadily escalating and therefore resulting to thousands and thousands of casualties. This problem not entirely plagues war ravaged countries but also countries in peace who are caught in between. First seen in the World Trade Center labialise in 1993 and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, IED use have increased as proven by the Madrid and London transit bombings in 2004 and 2005. Another case was the war in Iraq. According to Atkinson (2007)In Iraq, from the occasion number of 50 IED bombing incidents per day, the number of bombings has now reached an astonishing number of deoxycytidine monophosphate per day. Since that first fatal detonation of what is now known as an improvised explosive device, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred, according to U.S. military sources. (p. A1)A total of 3,837 US soldiers also have died and 27,753 were wounded from the Iraq bombings. (Casualty Counts, 2007) Figures include every misfortune who died ever since the war in Iraq started. Majority were killed through IED bombings. It should be noted however that the figures only consist of US soldiers and still not include non-military casualties and the members of non-coalition countries. From these, it could be said that there is indeed a real threat in the form of IED bombings. This definitely calls for action on the part of the US government. The government has been slow in its response to the IED bombing incidents thats what some impartialitymakers and journalists say. Even Michael Chertoff, Homeland Security writing table admits to this in his departments statement National efforts lack strategic guidance, are sometimes insufficiently coordinated, and lack essential resources.(Hsu and Sheridan, 2007, p. A01)Nonetheless, years after macrocosm accused of its slow response, the US government has now allocated a $196.4 billion fund for the Global War on Terror. (2008 Funding Request, 2007) The governments coming has been a holistic one. They appropriated designated amounts for armor, training, and weapons to income tax return IEDs.The Homeland Security also made its moves to help in the governments mission to lessen IED incidents. They set up an Office for Bombing prevention which was tasked to take charge of working with both internal and external agencies to tackle possible IED threats.A system named TRIPwire was also effected to share information regarding IEDs such as latest tactics, techniques and procedures over a network by bomb squad technicians, intelligence analysts, and state and local law enforcement. (Chertoff, 2007) In addition, continuous research is being done as well to develop tools to counter IED blasts. The Homeland Security also has undertaken increased security measures in key areas like the airport and chemical sites and facilities. All these are part of intensifying the departments efforts to curtail the surge of bombing incidents.The US government has spe nt a considerable amount of money trying to counter IED insurgencies but despite this, the latter can still find ways to counter these efforts. Several long term issues have been raised. First, bombs become more complex in their make up as time goes by. IED bombings started with a simple made bomb that eventually evolved. Currently, the US military have discovered that a new type of bomb has already been in use starting the pass of 2006. Infrared bombs are now at large and they are even harder to track since they run on different signals as those detecting tools the military has. (Magnuson, 2006).Hence, countering the former low-technology bombs requires continuous development of high-technology solutions. This entails millions and millions of dollars to be spent on prevention as opposed to a few dollars an IED builder uses to make his weapon. Second, as the US spends on developing long terms plans on combating insurgencies, the terrorists are also likewise building on their long t erm plans. Extremist groups are now banking on education as a means of furthering their goals.They are using their $50 million funds to send their thousands of new recruits to get a university degree on radio engineering or information technology as opposed to using the funds to amass more weapons. (Magnuson, 2006) To date, the insurgent groups have already released a video mocking the attempts of the US government to stop them. The video, released by a group who named themselves as The Islamic State of Iraq was entitled The Fall and Decline of US Technology. (Osman Martinez, 2007)The IED war indeed has turned into something ugly. IED use surged during the year of 2004 to 2005 and even up to now, there are still ongoing cases regarding this problem. The US government tries to counter this but still, insurgents are still able to survive. Hence, the government should try to intensify its efforts and develop more plans to curb this rising problem.Reference List2008 funding request. (2 007, October 22). Business Wire.Atkinson, R. (2007, folk 30). The single most effective weapon against our deployed forces. Washington Post, pp. A1.Chertoff, M. (2007). Preventing IED attacks. Leadership Journal. Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http//www.dhs.gov/journal/leadership/labels/IED.html.Crystal, G. (2007). What is an IED. Retrieved from October 26, 2007, from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ied.htmHsu, S. Sheridan M. (2007, October 20). IEDs seen as rising threat in the US. Washington Post, pp. A01.Iraq coalition casualty counts. (2007). Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http//www.dhs.gov/journal/leadership/labels/IED.html.Knickerbocker, B. (2007, January 02). Relentless toll to US troops of roadside bombs. The Christian Science Monitor, pp. 01.Magnuson, S. (2006, January). Adaptive foe thwarts counter-IED efforts. Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http//www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2006/jan/adaptive_foe.htmOsman H. Martinez, L. (2007, March 06). Insurgents i n Iraq claim they can beat US anti-IED technology. Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http//blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/03/insurgents_in_i.html

Political Culture Essay Example for Free

Political Culture EssayThe single greatest contri thoor to the carriage American Politics plays out both at heart and outside of our b articulates today is in our rich and long-lasting political culture that defines they way we look as the world and how to respond to it. Shaped by values, history, sure events, and emotional commitments that our populace collectively shares, political culture in the United States determines the way brass functions and reveals the intricacies of our collective way of life in a way nothing else can. Throughout our nations history thither have been three different types of political culture proposed by three different authors as stated below. The for the first time model of conceptualized liberty is a tradition of longstanding liberalism maintained by Myrdal in Wilsons American Politics. Claiming that Americans naturally crave their individual rights and want their liberty to occasion freedom within the law to do whatever they want as their own person, he states we are a self concerning people with profound inclination for our own lives independent of the rest of the nation.This style of political culture emerged the greatest during the 60s when individualists care hippies and protestors came out against the large Model II type government that strove to provide and manage the people in the overbearing sense it did. Todays culture draws strong parallels to liberalism as well, with most Americans concerned for their own rights first. An example of this is the dog laws compel in New York where dogs cannot be pip a leash or make excessive noise in Central Park that distracts other people. some(prenominal) people feel they are having their right to quiet and safety violated by these dogs and the laws behind them, while others maintain it is their right to have dogs and be suitable to run them freely. The second claim is of political culture is the one that was created in the grand scheme by the founding fathers and propo sed by Hartz. This perception of liberty claims that there is a collectivist notion of unity among the people that promotes the general welfare of the nation as a whole and not just based on individual rights.First established by puritan settlers who wanted to build a city on a hill with a strong central purpose and unity among its citizens, the concept of a strong government that united the people in one common goal to achieve the greater sizable became known as republicanism. This concept of liberty is alive today as the populace stands united against the global threat of terrorism that threatens all Americans equally.To protect to each one other and nation as a whole Americans look to the greater good beyond their personal rights to sustain the nations security. An example is in peoples ability to preface some of their individual rights in the patriot act or at airports to give up some privacy to keep them safe from terrorists in order to maintain the greater good of the natio n. The third perception of liberty is proposed by Roger M. Smith who states that America is traditionally hierarchical and is driven by social and economical classes that preside over others.This concept has been popular for hundreds of years in times of slavery and civil unrest when African Americans and other surges of immigrants were oppressed and looked upon as outsiders by the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants that formed the backbone of the nation. While civil rights have been passed to make the nation equal for all, Smith argues an underlying factor of racism and variation among minorities still lingers in the heart of America. An example of this is the Duke Lacrosse Scandal where three elite white males were charged in the rape of a black woman and media vehemence that ensued around it.Claiming that the white males thought themselves superior and able to escape consequences for crimes against minorities, African American leaders such as Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson came out in force to lead rallies for their prosecution. Another parallel is Hurricane Katrina and the thousand of black residents displaced by it in 2005. Most of the 9th district of New Orleans was destroyed by the rage because it sat unprotected and vulnerable and to this day it remains in shambles with little done to improve the area.Smith would argue this is because of the racial and economic pecking order that differentiates the poor African American residents of the area from the white controlling politians with the power to do anything about it. While all these three conceptions of liberty are prevalent and present in todays political culture, the structure of our government and the speed with which the world changes does not allow any one style to dominate the rest. Americans live off and pride themselves on their civil individual rights while at the same time unifying collectively to stand as one against outside threats like terrorism.There is some hierarchical dissonance that r emains in the actions of many government officials and elite pockets of society separated from citizens of different economic standing and ethnicity, but after the civil rights laws were passed the vast majority of these problems have been removed. This leaves the United States with a balanced and ever changing political culture that hinges back and forth betwixt the three conceptions of liberty.

Essay Globalization Consumerism And Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Essay Globalization Consumerism And Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences EssaySustainable victimization has been a globally paradigm in different areas. Citizens modus vivendi has an important relationship with the sustain ability of a city. In living environment area, earthly concern-wide experts book adopted the order of business 21 and tried to find the discriminate way to achieve a sustainable living lifestyle. According to Agenda 21, the major cause of the continued worsening of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of utilisation and production, particularly in industrialized countries, which is a matter of grave concern, aggravating poverty and imbalances. However, as the global population increasing, how to balance the relationship between resources supply and demand is still a research oral sex. For communities and man-to-mans, special attention should be paid to the demand for natural resources generated by unsustainable consumption and to the efficient use of those resources consistent with the goal of minimizing depletion and reducing pollution. In other words, the communities and individuals should look for an appropriate living style towards achieving sustainable goal. Although government has been draw much efforts to encourage lot to do some reduction of pollution, reduction of efficiency consumption, and waste recycling, actually there is still a long blank space to reach the goal of sustainability, and there should be a series of fundamentally changes for individuals to adopt to pursue a green, sustainable society.GlobalizationGlobalization agent quite an different things to different people. In general, globalization is a process that promotes world-wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. It includes frugal globalization, social cultural globalization, and environmental globalization. In recent decades, the world markets have be keep abreast increasingly integrated. As Lindert and Williamson 2011 pointed out, world market integration is not a new phenomenon, but it has steadily increased since the 1820s if we exclude the layover between the two World Wars. A long-term correlation between the globalization of international markets and environmental degradation is quite obviously. The globalization of markets also brought about(predicate) the globalization of environmental problems. Global climate change, ozone layer, reduction of biodiversity, over consumption of natural resources, desertification are all global environmental degradation brought after the economic globalization. The industrial revolution use large amount of natural resources as materials in the process, as well as the deterioration of their quality as a consequence of pollution. The acceleration of economic growth led to the increasing of world population that promoted the deterioration of environment.Lifestyle and sustainabilityConcept of sustainable developmentThe theory of sustainability means tha t something is maintained for a period of long age. The concept of sustainable development came out of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment in 1972.() Since the way out of the UN Brundtland thrill reportOur Common Futurein 1987, the concept of sustainability has be begin associated with the integration of economic, social, and environmental development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The conference was held to let all nations agree to act to reduce pollution together to share the resources equally. Since 1972, it has become clear that what we do has an impact on the environment, from the climate change, desertification, and the destruction of forests to the disappearance of species. By introducing the word sustainable, the discussion on environmental development got a social and economic dimension, particularly by the inclusion of the North- South dialogue and discussion of the rights of future generations. This finally led to the world residential area holding the United Nations Convention on gentility and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 where the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework on Climate Change, the Rio Declaration and 38 of the 40 chapters of Agenda 21 were agreed. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was set up to review progress in the implementation of Agenda 21 and other UNCED documents. The Commission meets every year and more than 1,000 N.G.Os are accredited to participate in the Commissions work.Concept of lifestyleThe concept of lifestyle comes from social science and refers to a bundle up of practices or ways of behaving that are meaningful for individual as well for the community. Lifestyle includes different ways of socializing with others and different types of consumption of everything, from houses to clothes, food, and leisure time activities. Lifestyle could reflect individua ls attitude and values and at the same time signals these to others with visible, or conspicuous, consumption. Sustainable lifestyle git thus be define as bundles of practices that are tied together by attitudes related to sustainable development, or as ways of living that in practice lead to sustainable development.In 1992 at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, there was an international agreement on promoting sustainable development and thus also promoting sustainable lifestyle. Following the nisus of the Brundtland report, the conference reached consensus on the so-called Agenda 21 programme, which contains detailed guidelines and objectives, in a nonlegally binding language, and advice on how NGOs, citizens, and other actors can be involved in the process. The slogan was act local -think global and during the 1990s Local Agenda activities were initiated in many countries by both authorities and NGOs. In 2007-08 such initiatives true renewed interest, with global climate be ing high on the political agenda. Local Agenda 21 was no longer a catchword, though the concept of sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles was then used together with climate discussions. The processes of Local Agenda 21 build on the idea that changes must come from below, from changes in the everyday life of ordinary consumers.Current lifestyleWhen talking about living lifestyle, tobacco use, poor nutrition, obesity, elevated stress, and suboptimal sleep will come into ones mind, these are major contributors to the pandemic of lifestyle-related conditions, morbidity, and premature death (E dean) Preventable lifestyle-related conditions such as ischemic heart disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema (largely smoking related), hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some cancers, are not only leading causes of disability and premature death in high-income countries, but increasingly in middle- and low-income countries.(stop) Compared to the impact of environm ent brought from lifestyle, the naughty lifestyle seems to have much effect on individuals health. However, from long-term sight, bad lifestyle will bring waste of resources, pollution of environment and at conclusion hinder the development of society.When talking about the lifestyle related to consumerism, green consumerism should be advocated. What is green consumerism? In short, who and why buy. current global directs of domestic energy consumption and waste production have been acknowledges as important contribution to detrimental environmental change (United Nations 1998) Political and academic interest in this region of sustainable development implementation has stimulated debates in post-industrial nations concerning the social practices of contemporary consumerism (Macnaghten and Urry 1998) and how we will live in the future (De Young 1993) n response there has been a call for the development of national policies and strategies to encourage changes in consumption pattern s (UNCED 199264). One approach has been the promotion of environmentally-friendly lifestyles which often take the form of media or community campaigns (for further analysis see Hobson 2001). These campaigns encourage individuals not only to decrease the amount consumed, but also to alter the nature of goods consumed (lUCN/UNEP/WWF 1991 Librova 1999).Changing Lifestyles Towards SustainabilityFrom a insurance perspective, it is relevant to discuss how to promote more sustainable lifestyles. Changes can be initiated from the bottom-up, where people experiment with ever-changing lifestyles, or from the top-down, where authorities make initiatives to promote changing lifestyles. Authorities can promote changes by political initiatives such as economic incentives or green taxes and through information and labeling of green products and campaigns focusing on changing attitudes. Furthermore, authorities can focus on establishing the physical infrastructure which supports sustainable lifesty les public transportation, renewable energy production, recycling waste system, and so on. What follows describes, first, the people who have made radical changes to their lifestyles and, second, evaluations on initiatives to get ordinary people to change their lifestyle in a more sustainable direction.In the wear couple of decades, some citizens have chosen more radical lifestyle changes and have joined so-called eco-villages. Some of the catchwords of this approach are closed cycles and self-reliance water and waste should be recycled, energy locally produced from renewable resources, and the technologies organised in neighborhoods to strengthen and revitalize local social life. The ecological vision is followed by the social vision of a holistic everyday life a life that is not split between work, family, and home. In this sense, the eco-villages follow in the footsteps of the state-controlled movement of the 1960s and 1970s and are a reaction against the lifestyle in detached suburban houses. Furthermore, in some of the eco-villages there is a weird relation with nature and an ethical concern for future generations. The people deciding to build and live in these eco-villages thus establish other physical, social, and cultural structures around their everyday life as part of living a sustainable lifestyle. In the environmental debate, it has been questioned to what extent this type of experiment is part of a broader dissolver to sustainable development or whether these structures are only isolated pockets. Some of the alternative technological solutions, such as solar heating or meander power, had their hesitant first beginnings in these alternative environments. However, some of the eco-villages and other grassroots experiments had such alternative visual expressions that might have frightened the not-so-dedicated others from choosing sustainable lifestyles. This raises the question of whether sustainable lifestyles are only for those who want to li ve an alternative life or whether they should be mainstreamed and made available for a broader audience. In the twenty-first century, however, this debate might seem less topical, as grassroots approaches and more mainstream approaches to sustainable lifestyles appear to convergeMany public initiatives have tried to deviate citizens to live a more sustainable life, and there are also examples of studies following the extent to which these types of efforts have an effect. In general, social science approaches dealing with these issues can be divided into psychological and sociological approaches. As an example of the psychological approach, a study performed by Abrahamse and others in the Netherlands followed the effects of an Internet-based tool that used a combination of tailored information, goal setting, and feedback on households direct and indirect energy consumption. An evaluation after 5 months showed that households gained a earthshaking direct energy saving of 5%, wherea s there was no measurable effect on indirect energy consumption. It is thus possible to document a small but significant relation between knowledge and action.From a sociological approach, the UK campaign Action at home, which is part of the Global Action Plan that originally developed in the United States during the late 1980s, has been evaluated by Hobson, and this evaluation questions the simple relation between knowledge and change of behavior. The Action at home campaign was a 6-month intended programme where households were provided with information, support, and feedback in a local setting enabling local support and networking between participants. An evaluation based on qualitative interviews suggests rethinking the ideas on information, barriers, and behavioral change. Information should be seen as a much more constructivist approach, where people use and develop arguments through conversations with others, rather than by receiving objective knowledge. The focus should be on the whole array of social structures sustaining specific behaviors, rather than on only barriers to action, and finally the understanding of behavioral change should rather focus on how debate can bring unnoticed routines that are never consciously thought of.Though there are disagreements in the understanding of behavior and the berth of information between the social and the psychological approach, it is possible to draw some general recommendations on how to best persuade people to change to a more sustainable lifestyle Communication should be as specific and personalized as possible, and information should be as adjusted to the lifestyle of the citizens as possible, thereby making the advice meaningful and useful for the citizens attitudes and practices.With climate change high on the political agenda, especially before the climate summit conference in Copenhagen in 2009, sustainable lifestyles have gained renewed interest among the public, politicians, and academics. Will this interest be a short bobble followed by resignation? Will it be the straggle of mainstreaming sustainable lifestyles so they spread and become the norm? Or, will there continue to be a development fuelled by the tension between initiatives by different actors? Sustainability is a contested concept, and developments in the structures and practices of everyday life continue to change and thus provide new challenges for what a sustainable lifestyle is or should be. In the future, there is also a need to continue experimenting, debating, and developing new approaches to sustainable lifestylesLinking lifestyle and climate change literatureThe concept of lifestyle in the behavioural sciences has been studied in connection with social class 31,81,64 -66,86,87,47 , culture-specific consumption patterns 22,30,52,79 as well as individual choice 25,7,6 . Social theorists have described how the disappearance of norms and economic limitations, mass consumption and themarket have gradually removed restrictions and made the individual lifestyle a more appropriate way to describe differences in action, world views and consump-tion. Research suggests that the consumption behavior of individuals constitute a more or less coherent con-sumption pattern because individual tastes and prefer-ences conform to socially determined structures 13,19.The fact that conspicuous consumption 17,77 is seen asa status symbol of wealthy people makes the less afflu-ent aspire to simulate this lifestyle 5 . Individuals useconsumer goods to preserve their position in the socialhierarchy 12. A convergence of lifestyles has beenaccelerated by homogenisation in the homo system overtime and space due to the globalisation of the builtenvironment, occupations, industry, trade and advertis-ing. Lifestyle is also described in an operational sensethrough the correlation between the level and pattern ofconsumption and socio-economic and demographicparameters such as age, family size, occupation, i ncome,gender, education and ethnicity. Consequent energy andemission outcomes vary widely ( plug-in 1) calling for moreinclusive action strategy to avoid leakages. The focus ofchange needs to be on the hotspots and patterns of energyconsumption. Attempts to change energy consumptionpattern are likely to lead to a change in energy consump-tion behaviour that make up the complete pattern. In theenergy literature in the late 1980s, the energy researchersintroduced the lifestyle concept into the study of energyconsumption and established a positive correlation be-tween better lifestyle and high-power consumption forboth households and individuals. Kaya identity 34 hasbeen used to show how both the individual and aggregateconsumption pattern are an important driver of emissionlevel along with the technology choice. Recent literatureSuggestion

Empirical Evidence Make Progress In Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Empirical Evidence Make Progress In Knowledge Philosophy EssayThe dictionary definition of trial-and-error render is evidence relating to or ground on experiment and observation (rather than theory) or on practical experience (without reference to scientific principles). This type of evidence is necessary for a theory, in diametric atomic number 18as of intimacy, to be confirmed. Empirical methods are usually utilised to base a theory or derive a conclusion in informations (such as the natural sciences or the human sciences) after collecting all the necessary data. The meaning of the word a posteriori derives from the ancient classic word for experience (), which means knowledge based on direct perception of things or events through our senses. Therefore, trial-and-error data is information that is derived from the trials and errors of experience. In this way, the semiempirical method is similar to the observational method.The empirical method is generally characterized by the collection of a large amount of data, with or without much idea of what to expect. The empirical method is necessary in entering completely unexplored fields, and becomes less empirical as the acquired knowledge of the field increases.Throughout centuries exploreers use empirical research and evidence to test reality i.e. to test the state of things as they actually exist, basing their findings on direct or indirect observation. This kind of research is mainly utilize to empirical sciences, mainly the natural sciences and the human (social) sciences. In these areas knowledge should be based on observable phenomena capable of being experimented for their validity by different researchers working under the same conditions.In natural sciences empirical evidence is crucial and scientists can count on this to continue experimenting and make progress discovering tender sights. The core skill of a scientist is to make observations, i.e. receive knowledge of the outside world thr ough the senses. The scientist sees, hears, or in some other way notices whats difference on in the world and becomes curious about whats happening. This also includes reading and studying what others befuddle done in the past since scientific knowledge is cumulative.In physics, for example, when Newton came up with his possibleness of Motion, he based his possible action on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo as well as his own, newer observations. Another example is Darwin who formed his Theory of Evolution based on the works of other naturalists but mainly on observations during his voyage to chart the coastline of South America, a voyage that lasted almost 5 long time, during which Darwin spent most of the time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections2.In chemistry, the most important issues of atomic theory have been proved experimentally and nobody doubts about the existence of i.e. atoms. Nowadays, everybody knows and nobody can deny th at all elements are made of atoms and all atoms have a nucleus. Moreover, science and technology helped to discover and study the tiny world of atoms. For example, nucleus, the massive centre of the atom was discovered in 1911, but it took scientists another 21 years of experimenting to come out its parts (protons, neutrons, electrons). In addition, for many years scientists thought that there was nothing smaller than the proton or the neutron in the nucleus of the atom. In 1968, they discovered that there are new particles inside the proton and the neutron (the quarks) that are even smaller. As we can see, chemical theory is confirmed by detailed agreement with experimental results, although, it takes scientists many years of experimenting and observation.Biology is the science that studies life mainly from an experimental perspective. Observations and experiments are used vastly to help scientists gather information and make conclusions on several aspects. For example, in biology , disease resides in cells (and, perhaps ultimately, in genes), but we know this because cellular dysfunction can be demonstrated experimentally. In addition, disease can beat be controlled by attending to cellular function and dysfunction and by intervening to manipulate the cell using techniques that have empirically demonstrated effectiveness.In human sciences the situation is different. Sciences such as Psychology have fairish recently managed to convince people that they are credible. This has been mainly achieved because through observations and experimenting it has produced quantifiable, repeatable results based on empirical evidence. In other sciences such as Economics, Economists have conducted controlled experiments constructed to observe participants reactions to specific situations. However, in many cases behaviour is governed more by sense than by reason. In all human sciences, the experiments are performed on human beings, using relatively small sample sizes and art ificial environments which make the results difficult to generalise. Nevertheless, no one can deny the usefulness of observations on human behaviour during different.In other areas of knowledge, such as Mathematics, the methods used to verify knowledge are independent of experience. Of course they involve an objective, careful and systematic study of an area of knowledge, but facts depend on reasoning alone as in the equation 1+1=2 for example. Mathematics is considered to be the science of rigorous truth and an island of reliablety in an ocean of doubt. In such areas of knowledge, empirical evidence cannot be used to make progress. However, one of its main branches, geometry, actually started as a natural, empirical science. Hilbert made important contributions to both axiomatic geometry and to general relativity. Of course, a geometrical theory in physical interpretation can never be validated with mathematical certainty, no matter how extensive the experimental tests to which it is subjected. Like any other theory of empirical science, it can acquire only a more or less high degree of confirmation. Indeed, the need for mathematical certainty in empirical matters is mis pull ind and unreasonable, since mathematical certainty of knowledge can be only attained at the price of analyticity and consequently of complete lack of factual content3. This is also summarised in Einsteins words As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.The same stands for areas such as history, art, and religion. Religion, for example, is purely a matter of faith. People who hire to believe in God do not have evidence to support it and people who choose not to believe in God do not have evidence that there is no God. There is also no more evidence for any one God than for any other. It is just as sensible to worship the Gods of the ancient Greeks or Egyptians as it is to worship modern deities . Everybody must decide for himself or herself which religion (if any) to keep an eye on. And, when people decide to follow one religion, they believe that God exists even if their belief cannot empirically verified or falsified. Their belief is mainly based either on intuition or on some more or less intense personal religious experience. Some others have faith and their belief is based on the tonus that there must be something. As we see, whether or not God exists is something that cannot be proved (scientifically) by experimentation or observation, therefore, the existence of God is something that different people have different intuition about.As regards arts,From the above, I believe that empirical evidence used in the form of observation, experience, or experiment should be used in natural and human sciences, in order to provide accurate and unbiased information. This information will consist a reliable guide for future generations, which will be based on this information to make the necessary progress through further investigation.From the examples given, it is obvious that researchers should never stop examining, doubting and experimenting in order for new findings to come to light. Previous knowledge and experimental results form a solid base for new discoveries that make progress and germinate sciences. Above all, however, every scientist should question and analyse any findings in the most objective way and not allow prejudice influence his thoughts and his results.No hypothesis or theory can be called scientific or accepted if it lacks empirical evidence in favour. Therefore, empirical evidence can be use both to accept or counter any scientific hypothesis or theory.http//www.experiment-resources.com/empirical-evidence.htmlRead more http//www.experiment-resources.com/empirical-evidence.htmlixzz0gIvSLOZNThere is no evidence to support the doctrines of a particular religion.After all, certainty cannot be found in any area of knowledge. Even if we prove something by experiment or observation, it may writhe out to be false after some years or more.The complete work of Charles Darwin on line (http//darwin-online.org.uk/)http//darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=sideitemID=F10.3pageseq=1

The Hong Kong tourism industry

The Hong Kong tourism aimPart BAbstractIt is revealed that risque sweat perturbation is a major global problem in hotel pains. The gentle resource steering in the hotel persistence is facing repugn ab break through retaining employees and minimizes the disorder. in that locationfore, it is worth to investigate round the human resource manage ment in the hotel industry.The dissolve of this study is to explore the projection swage in hotel industry, and its associated the factors impact the tire out turnover and how to manage the labor turnover. The labor turnover in hotel industry is influenced by the work cogitate factors, external factors and external factors. According to some statistics, the greet of labor turnover in hotel industry is very high. Moreover, some retention scheme atomic number 18 propose to overcome the labor turnover be discussed including training, employee motivation and employee recognition. Section 1 Introduction1.1 Reason for choice of topicThe tourism industry is the leading industry in many countries. Hong Kong tourism industry alter $162.8 billion or 10.8% of gross domestic product in 2009(http//www.gov.hk/en/residents/, http//www.tourism.gov.hk/textonly/ incline/statistics/statistics_perform.html ) and Thailand tourism industry generate 6.5% of gross domestic product in 2008 (http//www.thaiwebsites.com/tourism.asp). Accommodation is an essential fragment of tourism service and it is vital to the quality of the tourist experience, as it constitutes a major part of consumption.This study is to investigate the labor turnover in the hotel government activity. It is ecumenic known that the hospitality industry has a major challenge about the labor turnover and exitg stability rates. These problems be usually occur in the front-line rung as it is related to a nap of unfavorable running(a) conditions in hotel, such as the long working hours, unstable working schedule and omit of packaging opportunities. Therefore, many people ar non giveing to enter to the hotel industry or some people bring on work for many years in hotel industry but electrical switch to another(prenominal) industry because of those unfavorable working conditions. Besides, the human resource management in the hotel industry argon facing some serious problems about retaining the employees and recruits the right field people to fill in the right parentage. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the factors that cause the front-line employees to quit the blood line. In addition, to discuss what the human resource management poop do to retain the staff and manage the labor turnover in the hotel geological formation.Another reason for choosing this topic to study is the origins want to become the human resource carriage in a hotel. Therefore, it is vital that the author baffle a clear understanding of what challenges that the human resource management are facing and to use the specialized approach to overcome those problems.1.2Academic objectives of dissertationThis paper aims to achieve the fol secondaryings objectivesTo find out what is the meaning of labor turnover and throw away an overview of the turnover culture in the hotel industryTo discuss the factors that influence labor turnover in hotel industry.To explain the court of labor turnover in hotel industry.To find out what the human resource management can do to managing the labor turnover.1.3 Outline of membersIn section 1, the author talked about her reason for choice this topic and the major objectives through this project. In section 2, the authors explained the concepts of labor turnover briefly and provide an overview of the turnover culture in the hotel industry. In section 3, the author would explain the factors influence the turnover in the hotel industry and gestate an understanding of the cost of labor turnover. It could help to show the labor turnover is a serious problem deep down the industry. Moreo ver, in section 4, the author wants to make others understand how to manage the labor turnover in the hotel industry. Finally in section 5, would be the summary and conclusion about this project.Section 2Literature review2.1 What is labor turnover?According to Price (1977, p.15) the term turnover is delimitate as the ratio of the number of government members who have left over(p) during the period world considered divided by the average number of people in that constitution during the period and withal each time a do is vacated, a new employee must be hired and trained. This replacement cycle is known as turnover (Woods, 1995, p. 345). Labor turnover refers to the movement of employees in and out of a business. Labor turnover affects both(prenominal) workers and firms workers whitethorn need to learn new suppose-specific skills, whilst firms incur the be of hiring and training new workers (Brown et. al., 2009). The new workers may be more highly motivated and more highly s killed. Hence, turnover may enhance firm performance. However, high labor turnover causes problems for the firm as it is costly, swallows productiveness and morale.Labor turnover can be divided into two main types impulsive, where the employees leave of their own free will, and involuntary, where the employer decides that employment should terminate. Retirement can fall into all category (Boella, 2000). Most often the voluntary turnover arises where some employees leave to escape negative work environment factors and other are pulled away from the organization by more attractive opportunities and Cheng and Brown (1998) stated that people quit their job for many reasons, but most reasons are not related to management. In recent study, the involuntary turnover can applied to those employees have a poor performance or have did some serious mistakes then the organization would encourage them to quit than fire them.2.2 The turnover culture in the hotel industryEveryone knows that the hotel industry is a highly labor-intensive industry but the high labor turnover is a serious problem within the industry all around the world. Some theorists such as Mobley (1977), Price (1977), Price and Mueller (1986) identified a range of other variables such as return, communication, social integration, reutilization, role overload, promotional opportunity, training, supervisor and co-worker support, and distributive justice as having a significant have-to doe with upon turnover.According to the research Griffith University, the primary reason for managerial and operational turnover was voluntary resignation, followed by an internal transfer. Performance related terminations were very low. The main cause factors for executives, managerial and supervisory staff to change jobs, within the hotel industry, were punter career opportunities and better working hours. Changing jobs outside the industry was primarily motivated by high salaries, working hours and better career opportu nities. The data suggests that high wages and better working hours are the major drivers for managerial employees to leave. Similarly, operational staff anticipate better wages, better working hours and improved career opportunities.In the pervious years, a small among of staff in hotel industry will stay for womb-to-tomb than five years but the voluntary turnover is gradually increase compared with the last decades. According to Kennedy and Berger (1994, p. 58) they stated that, in the hospitality industry, the highest turnover occurred during the first 4 weeks (in employment). The cause of turnover is often poor human resource decisions and the unmet expectations of newcomers.2.3 Factors affecting employee intent to leave in the hotel industryThere are many factors affecting employee turnover. According to a widely accepted though, employees usually quit their jobs because of lack of wages. However, many studies show that there are withal many complex factors affecting employ ee turnover other than wage, such as the management of the company, economics, and psychology. In the following section, some factors affecting employee turnover are discussed.2.3.1 Work Related FactorsThe work related factors are other factors that will influence the labor turnover in the hotel industry. The following section will mainly focus on the job merriment, pay, working environment, work performance, promotion opportunities and the organization consignment how to influence the labor turnover.2.3.1.1 Job SatisfactionJob expiation is containing the mirth with pay, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the supervision, satisfaction with the promotion opportunities (Khatri et. al., 2003). According to Davis (1981), job satisfaction can be defined as pleasantness or unpleasantness of employees while working. In addition, Oshagbemi (2000) has defined job satisfaction as individuals positive emotional reaction to particular job. The term job satisfaction is cons idered an attribute that exists as the equity of a variety of desired and non-desired job-related experiences. It is also defines as the form of fit between the features of a job and employees expectations. In addition, there are researchers who view that job satisfaction is a result of both employees expectations and aspirations and their existing status (Clark Oswald, 1996). When the employees with a lack of job satisfaction they will be quitting the job, and the basic reason is that they expect to have a more congenial job. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job satisfaction, the organization will be fewer labor turnovers. Price and Mueller (1981) stated that job satisfaction has an indirect influence on turnover through its direct influence on formation of intent to leave. Another study stated that employees with higher degree of trust would have higher levels of job satisfaction in the hospitality industry (Gill, 2008).2.3.1.1.1 PayAccording to the past study, t he average annual wages of hotel are very low compare with the other industries such as the IT applied science and education industry. A low starting salary is found in the frontline discussion section in the hotel industry such as the housekeeping, Food and Beverage and front office. It was shown that dissatisfaction with pay is among the significant factors responsible for turnover (Pavesic and Brymer, 1990 Pizam and Ellis, 1999).Pay is received by the staff and money is equivalent to staffs effort to provide service. The salary, compensation and fringe benefit received by the staff are also the pay. Therefore, if the pay is increase, it can tame the labor turnover. The family between pay and job satisfaction has received considerable attention (Churchill, FordWalker, 1974 Lawler, 1995). The pay was the most important job attribute contributing to job satisfaction in the Hong Kong hotel industry. Therefore, higher pay is significantly related to greater job satisfaction. The s taff will be more satisfied with their job when the actual pay is more than the expected pay.The other situation that causes the staff to be more likely to leave their organization is that when they perceive that they are receiving lower salary but they know the other people elsewhere are offered better pay. Therefore, offering higher wages than competing organization will enable the organization to retain some talented worker.2.3.1.1.2 The work itselfThe work itself is a critical dimension in employee job satisfaction (Luthans, 1992 Lawler, 1995 Qu, Ryan Chu, 2001 Groot Van Den Brink, 1999) and Glisson and Durick (1988) considered the worker and the constitution of the work itself as two important factors affecting job satisfaction. The internal satisfactory factors are related to the work itself, such as olfactory sensation of achievement, feeling of independence, self-esteem, feeling of control and other similar feelings obtained from work. And the external satisfactory facto rs such as receiving praise from the boss, good relationships with colleagues, good working environment, high salary, good upbeat and utilities.There is a relationship between job satisfaction and stress. Barsky, Thoresen, Warren and Kaplan(2004) argued that high level of work stress will be go down the job satisfaction and finally leaving the organization because workers feel their job duties are difficult to fulfill. Price (1977) divided job stress into four types lack of resources to perform, the get of workload, the clarity of the role obligations and the role conflict. Those job stresses will also make the employees intent to quit the organization.2.3.1.1.3 The supervisionSupervision, being one of the dimensions of job satisfaction (Rust et al., 1996), is defined from the employee-centeredness perspective, it is manifested in ways such as checking to see how well up the subordinate is doing, providing advice and assistance to the individual, and communicating with the worke r on a personalizedized as well as an official level (Luthans, 1992, pp. 121-122). Some information show that, satisfaction with supervisor will influence job satisfaction positively and finally decrease the labor turnover. If the supervisor provide more concern and social support to the employees, they will be more satisfy and the turnover will be decrease.2.3.1.1.4 The promotion opportunitiesPrice (2001) stated that promotion opportunities are the potential degree of movement to a higher level status within an organization. The promotion opportunities are also the important category to define the employees are satisfy or dissatisfy, because promotion opportunities are usually associated with increase the salary.However, the result show that hotel sector are lack of promotion opportunities rather than not having enough fair promotion policy (Iverson and Derry. 1997). Due to the hotel industry are lack of promotion opportunities, it will reduce the regain to retain the talented e mployees in the organization. When employees suffering from unfair treatment, they will change their job attitude immediately and may quit in long run (Vigoda, 2000).2.3.1.2 The Organization CommitmentAccording to Pennstate (2006), organizational dedication is the relative strength of an employees attachment or involvement with the organization where he or she is employed. Organizational commitment is important because committed employees are less likely to leave for another job and are more likely to perform at higher levels. There are three dimensions of organizational commitment, which are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment.Turnover literature has consistently found a strong relationship between turnover and organizational commitment, indicating that employees with low commitment are likely to withdraw from the organization. Alternatively, a positive relationship has been found between organizational commitment and career progress or internal p romotions indicating that promoted employees are more likely to exhibit higher organizational commitment.2.3.1.3 Work PerformanceEmployees work performance is another factor affecting labor turnover. According to a study conducted by Jewell and Siegal (2003), it was found that the employees having high performance were not willing to leave their jobs. At this bear down of view, if the employees having low performance leave their jobs for any reasons, labor turnover is not an important matter for the company. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job performance. Low wages, exclusion from prizes, unsuitable jobs are also among the reasons causing low performance and high employee turnover.2.3.1.4 Personal ReasonSome employees also leave their jobs because of personal reasons. A principal reason that employees leave their jobs is lack of incentives (Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Employees may simply want recognition or an opportunity in advance. For example, The Ritz Carlton Comp any has reduced employee turnover by focusing on quality recruitment, providing better training and orientation, establishing realistic career opportunities and creating long incentive and reward systems.2.3.2 Demographic FactorMost voluntary turnover models include demographic variables such as age, gender, race, tenure, marital status, number of dependents, and educational experience. However, this paper only focuses on the level of education, gender, marital status and age.2.3.2.1 direct of EducationOne of the major challenges of the hospitality industry is the retention of highly amend employees. We define highly educated staff as employees who have followed a higher education program at a bachelors or masters level successfully ( Deery and Shaw, 1999). Carbery et al. (2003) renowned that those more highly educated managers or non-managers are more likely to intent to make a turnover decision. One research study by (Blomme et. al., 2010), it shows that among alumni of the Ho tel School The Hague who are working worldwide has shown that within 6 years after graduation about 70% of all graduates from the hotel school The Hague leave the organization in which they are working. The more highly educated staff will be less easily satisfied with their jobs than those staff with lower education level because the highly educated staff have higher expectations in job status and salary and they may not be willing to join or stay in the hotel industry. In addition, the external labor markets will provide many opportunities for those highly educated people to satisfy their high expectation on financial benefit. (Wong, Siu Tseng, 1999)2.3.2.2 GenderSome study noted that, the female and male have their particular behavior that would influence the labor turnover. According to a study conducted by(Doherty and Manfredi,200162), it was found that women workers leave their jobs more than men workers, because the roles of women have to taking care of children, having baby in a society and doing house work. In addition, Hersch and Stratton (1997) stated that women, especially married women, spend more time set-aside(p) in household activities and are substantially more prepared to quit their job for a family-related reason than men . Some women workers also do not want to return to their jobs after having baby.On the other hand, the study conducted by Tang and Talpade (1999), it stated that males tended to have higher satisfaction with pay than females, whereas females tended to have higher satisfaction with co-workers than males. Its means that women tend to rate social needs as more important than men such as working with people and being helpful to other. Men tend to consider pay more important than do women.Women often begin their careers with much lower expectations than men do and they are willing to take career risks and change employers to do so.Finally, women workers usually work at the entry level jobs in hotel and accordingly get less pay than their men co-workers. According to a study conducted by Iverson (2000) in the USA, it was found that women managers in hotel got very less wages than men managers whether in the beginning or top of their careers. In a similar study, it was found that men workers got more wages than women workers got (Burgess, 2000). It was also found that in order to balance the wage differences among men and women workers, basic and routine job were given to women workers than men workers.2.3.2.3 Marital StatusAccording to Pizam and Ellis (1999), it stated that marital status could influence labor turnover. Those married employees are most concerned with the balance between their work and family flavor. Hom and Griffeth (1995),stated that married employees will not want to have a voluntary turnover. Because they have many concerns about the financial needs for their family. If they cannot afford the long and unstable working hours, they will tend to give up the job. However, this issue gener ally occurs on women. Therefore, they will have more time for family life and take care of their child.On the other side, the unmarried employees will consider factors related to their jobs such as promotion opportunities and organization commitment more than those married employees (Wong, Siu Tsang, 1999). Therefore, they are less satisfied with their job than married employees.2.3.2.4 AgeIn recent study, Hartman and Yrle (1996) points out that the Generation Y employee mostly creates the labor turnover in hospitality industry. In addition, the study conducted by Iverson and Deery (1997), it stated that younger employees have a higher propensity to leave than one-time(a) employees. The problem was arisen in this decade as the employees born in the baby boomer are retire gradually. The baby boomer is anyone born between 1946 and 1964. They have been through periods of war therefore have less opportunity in education institutions. They tend to demand more stability in their workpla ce, and they are very loyalty to their employees. On the other hand, the Generation Y employee who was born between the years 1979 and 1994, they can adapt the changes easily and seek a higher touchstone of life therefore, they consider more about their interest in the work. Furthermore, they usually change their job, as they want to gain more experience and make their life more diversity.2.3.3External FactorsThe external factors are the factors that we cannot control and very difficult to predict. Some of these factors include political shifts, legislation, new or modified regulations, global economic conditions, technology changes and major mining disasters.In some study, the hotel industry is quite easily influenced by the global economic conditions. The economic situation could predict most of the labor turnover within the industry. Therefore, the unemployment rate affects the employees perception on job satisfaction. If the economic is down turn, the employees who perceive a h igh level of job dissatisfaction, they may noneffervescent stay in organization because they dont want to lose their current job and also the job market is a lack of opportunities for them to get a better job. On the other hand, if the economic condition have improve, the employees will leave the organization immediately to find a better job. Therefore, it may create the high level of labor turnover when the economic have improved. In the later part of the literature will focus on how to manage the labor turnover in order to minimize the labor turnover within the hotel industry.2.4 The cost of labor turnoverIn the previous section, some of the critical factors that affect the labor turnover are discussed. The following section will focus on the cost of labor turnover and its impact. Labor turnover is a significant cost to hotel and it may be the most significant factor affecting hotel profitability, service quality and skills training. (Davidson et. al., 2009). The cause of labor t urnover is multidimensional, such as low morale, low productivity, low standard of performance and absenteeism.According to the statistics from TTF Australia(2006), the annual cost of replacing managerial employees was $109,909 per hotel and the annual cost of replacing operational employees was $9,591 per employee. The total annual cost of turnover ($49M) equates to 19.5% of 64 surveyed hotels total payroll costs ($250M). Another study stated that the Marriott Corporation alone estimated that each 1% increase in its employee turnover rate, costs the company between $5 and $15 million in lost revenues (Schlesinger and Heskett, 1991).Therefore, the cost of labor turnover is very high.Labour turnover is not only a significant tangible dollar cost but also an intangible or hidden cost associated with loss of skills, inefficiency and replacement costs (Lashley Chaplain, 1999). The direct impact of labor turnover will cause financial suffering such as administrative cost and Lashley (19 99) refers to lost investment in training and lost staff expertise as particular examples of turnover costs and opportunity costs. For the indirect impacts caused by high labor turnover are lack of manpower, poor quality of service and low morale of employees and also if turnover increases, service quality may decline as it takes time and resources to natural covering fill departing employees, especially at busy hotels (Lynn, 2002).Labour is a significant cost and the leakage of human capital through unnecessary turnover is an element of critical importance to bottom line performance. A number of HRM practices have been suggested as potential solutions for turnover, such as investment in training, offering organisational support, adopting innovative recruitment and selection processes, offering better career opportunities (Cheng Brown, 1998 Forrier Sels, 2003 Hinkin Tracey, 2000 Walsh Taylor, 2007 Walters Raybould, 2007) and adopting measures to increase job satisfaction and commitment.2.5 How to manage the labor turnover in the hotel industry?High staff turnover is the common problem in hotel industry, it is also a major factor affecting workplace efficiency, productivity, and hotel cost structure. Labor turnover represents a challenge for contemporary HRM strategies and practices. Therefore, in this section, it will turn to focus on how to manage the labor turnover from the human resources perspective.In the previous section, the cost of labor turnover in the hotel is discussed. The total annual cost of turnover ($49M) equates to 19.5% of 64 surveyed hotels total payroll costs ($250M). The turnover cost are very high, thus the awareness of the importance of employees staying with an organization is evident. Hinkin and Tracey (2000) advocate that hospitality executives who understand the value of human capital and adopt organizational policies and management practices in pursuit of employee retention will outperform the competition. Effectively design ed and well implemented employee retention programs that increase employee tenure more than pay for themselves through reduced turnover costs and increase productivity (Hinkin and Tracey, 2000).According to 2500 supervisors, managers and executives within this sector, the top five most important aspects a company can provide to retain their people are as follows communication, Leadership, Career path, development and understanding aspirations and helping the individual towards achieving them.(Baum ,2006) This shows that, the employee are highly concern for this five elements to determine their job satisfaction. Therefore, when HRM design for a retention scheme, they can consider those five elements before their decision.2.5.1TrainingIn organizations where employees receive the proper training needed to assume greater responsibilities, turnover rates are generally lower. several(prenominal) studies show that training activities are correlated with productivity and retention (Delery a nd Doty, 1996 Huselid, 1995 Kallenberg and Moody, 1994 MacDuffie, 1995 Shaw et al., 1998 Terpstra and Rozell, 1993 US Department of Labor, 1993, Walsh and Taylor, 2007 Youndt et al., 1996). provide is a unique asset in the company. Therefore, many hotel have invest a huge number of money per year for staff development. Because they realize that provide training to their employees would enhance the organization produtivity and improve their job performance. For the long-term purpose, training can solve the problem of high labor turnover in a hotel.Moreover, the hotel industry are now have a general shortage of the middle management staff. Therefore, the training should be around to develop and train new management personnel. For example, in 2004 Shangri-La Hotel Resorts Shangri-La Academy was born, this is a full-time facility that handles internal training for progression up the ranks. In addition, the Intercontinental Hotel Group also launched an in-house training center in order to dress out their high potential employees to take on managerial positions within their company. Those measures of the Shangri-La Hotel and the Intercontinental Hotel Group is to do the retention of their employees and confront the trend of shortage of see staff and try to minimize the labor turnover.2.5.2 Motivate the employeeStaff motivation is as vital to success as any skill or personal attribute and its also plays a key role in staff retention. Motivation is the process by which a persons efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.(Stephen Coulter, 2006482) . Staff motivation is a key element in retaining staff and help them increase the job satisfaction thus the labor turnover rate may be decrease.It is essential for the management of hotels to develop efficient HRM polices and practices that enable them to motivate competent employees who can contribute to the achievement of