An Examination of Deontology and Utilitarianism in Deeply Moral Situati

An Examination of Deontology and Utilitarianism in Deeply Moral Situations Samuel Adams (1722 - 1803), an American patriot and politician, once stated, Mankind are governed to a greater extent by their feelings than by reason1. This statement is significant, as it undermines two of the primary ethical doctrines in philosophy - the deontological perspective defended by Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) in Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (634), and utilitarianism, back up by John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) in his essay, Utilitarianism (667). Deontology and utilitarianism are contrasting theories. The former focuses on the intrinsic moral worth of our actions, whereas the latter argues that the consequences of our actions determine their moral value. Nevertheless, some(prenominal) perspectives substantiate Mills claim that our moral faculty.is a branch of our reason, not of our sensitive faculty (678). Reason is an indispensable aspect of Kants deontological view, as he believes the will is a capacity unique to rational beings. In Kants opinion, the will is essential, as it facilitates our ability to act according to the universalizable maxims we establish for ourselves (653). Reason is also a crucial particle of utilitarianism, as it is the intellectual faculty that enables us to distinguish the course of action with the best possible outcome (i.e., the choice that will ensure the greatest gladness or least amount of pain for as many people as possible) (688). However, since both deontology and utilitarianism are governed by the notion that moral judgements are accomplished through reason, can all theory apply in circumstances in which rational thought is not feasible? For example, during World War II, a Nazi soldier offers a ... ...the least possible amount of pain). As a result, the subjective emotional component that invariably arises in situations of moral write reinforces the difficulty in ascribing concrete rules and principles to circ umstances that involve moral deliberation. All that can be shown is that the womans final decision may seemingly correspond to either deontology or utilitarianism in hindsight however, her unavoidable emotional anguish hinders her ability to think rationally in terms of either perspective at the time in which she is forced to make her decision. Work CitedBailey, Andrew, ed. First Philosophy Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy. 1st ed. Toronto Broadview Press, 2002.Notes 1 Steven J. Hayes. Quotes by Adams, Samuel from Basic Quotations. 16 Dec. 2002. Online. 15 Feb. 2004 .